TYPES OF ANEMIAS Flashcards
memorization
type of anemia caused by inadequate supplies of iron needed to synthesize hemoglobin
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
RBC morphology characteristics in iron deficiency anemia
microcytic, hypochromic
parasites that can cause IDA
hookworms (A. duodenale, N. americanus)
T. trichiura
Schistosome spp. (S. mansoni, S. Haematobium)
Poikilocytes that can be seen in IDA
ovalocytes, pencil forms
Type of anemia due to inability to use iron for hemoglobin production; impaired release of storage iron
Anemia of Chronic disease/inflammation
In ACD, hepcidin levels are _____
increased
Caused by blocks in the protoporphyrin pathway resulting in ineffective hemoglobin synthesis and iron overload
Sideroblastic anemia
Excess iron accumulates in the mitochondrial region of the immature erythrocyte in the bone marrow and encircles the nucleus
Ringed sideroblasts
Excess iron accumulates in the mitochondrial region of the mature erythrocytes in the circulation
Siderocytes
inclusions in the siderocyte using Prussian blue
Siderotic granules
inclusions demonstrated using wright stain
Pappenheimer bodies
RBC morphology characteristics in Sideroblastic anemia
Microcytic, hypochromic
A genetic disorder characterized by a primary, quantitative reduction of in globin chain synthesis
Thalassemia
RBC morphology characteristics in Thalassemia
microcytic, hypochromic
Poikilocyte that is found in Thalassemia
Target cells
also known as Cooley anemia
Beta thalassemia major
In Beta thalassemia major, there is a markedly decreased rate of synthesis or absence of _______ resulting in an excess of ________
absence of both beta chains;
excess of alpha chains
compensatory hb of beta thalassemia major
Hb F 90%
microscopic findings in beta-thalassemia major
target cells
teardrop cells (dacryocytes)
many nRBCs
basophilic stippling
howell-jolly bodies
pappenheimer bodies
heinz bodies
Thalassemia that has one normal beta chain, the other has been deleted or very weak in expression
Beta-thalassemia minor/minor heterozygous
Compensatory Hb in minor heterozygous beta-thalassemia
Hb A2 slightly increased
A thalassemia that is characterized by the deletion of all four alpha chains; no normal hemoglobin is produced
Alpha-thalassemia major
A disease caused by Alpha-thalassemia major
hydrops fetalis
what abnormal hemoglobin is produced in alpha-thalassemia major
Bart’s Hb
Hb Bart’s is comprised of ____ globin chains
4 gamma globin chains
In Hb H disease, how many alpha genes are deleted
Three (3) alpha genes
Hb H is comprised of ______ globin chains
Four (4) beta chains
what RBC inclusion is formed in Hb H disease?
Heinz bodies (Hb H inclusion)
What cell is demonstrated in the peripheral blood smear of a patient with Hb H disease that is stained using Brilliant Cresyl Blue stain (BCB)?
Golf ball cells
Two alpha chains are deleted; patients are usually asymptomatic and discovered accidentally
alpha-thalassemia minor/trait
Acquired anemia, characterized by multiple blocks in the protoporphyrin pathway
Lead poisoning
what other enzyme is inhibited by lead which leads to the production of coarse basophilic stippling
5-nucleotidase
Enzymes in the protoporphyrin pathway that is blocked by lead poisoning
- ALA dehydratase
- Ferrochelatase
iron studies in microcytic, hypochromic anemias:
serum ferritin - decreased
serum iron - decreased or normal
TIBC- increased
Transferrin saturation - decreased
FEP/ZPP - increased
Iron deficiency anemia
iron studies in microcytic, hypochromic anemias:
serum ferritin - increased or normal
serum iron - increased or normal
TIBC- normal
Transferrin saturation - increased or normal
FEP/ZPP - increased or normal
Thalassemia minor
iron studies in microcytic, hypochromic anemias:
serum ferritin - increased or normal
serum iron - decreased
TIBC- decreased
Transferrin saturation - decreased
FEP/ZPP - increased
Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation
iron studies in microcytic, hypochromic anemias:
serum ferritin - Normal
serum iron - variable
TIBC- Normal
Transferrin saturation -Increased
FEP/ZPP - increased
Lead Poisoning
iron studies in microcytic, hypochromic anemias:
serum ferritin - increased
serum iron - increased
TIBC- decreased or Normal
Transferrin saturation - increased
FEP/ZPP - mixed
Sideroblastic anemia
Defective DNA synthesis caused by abnormal nuclear maturation; caused by either a vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
A term associated in megaloblastic anemia which means decreased in all cell types
pancytopenia
RBC morphology characteristic in Megaloblastic anemia
Macrocytic, normochromic anemia with oval macrocytes and teardrop cells
RBC inclusions that can be seen in megaloblastic anemia
Howell-jolly bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
nRBCs
basophilic stippling
CABOT RINGS
an autoimmune disease wherein no intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in the stomach due ti antibody destruction
Pernicious anemia
what cell secretes gastrin?
A. Parietal cells
B. Chief cells
C. Endothelial cells
D. G-cells
D. G-cells
What happens to vitamin b12 when there is no intrinsic production by the parietal cells?
vitamin b12 would not be absorbed an cause pernicious anemia (vit. b12 deficiency) because intrinsic factor is required for vit. b12 absorption in the ileum
Test that detects pernicous anemia
Schilling’s test
In Nonmegaloblastic anemia, erythrocytes are ____ in shape while in Megaloblastic anemia, erythrocytes are _______.
Nonmegaloblastic anemia - round
Megaloblastic anemia - oval
Bone marrow failure causes pancytopenia
Aplastic anemia
RBC morphology characteristics of aplastic anemia
Normocytic, normochromic
In Fanconi anemia, the onset of hematologic abnormalities is <1 year of age. The bone marrow aspirate shows pancytopenia
A. the first statement is correct. the second statement is incorrect
B. both statements are correct
C. first statement is incorrect. the second statement is correct
D. both statements are incorrect
C.
- Onset of hematologic abnormalities of Fanconi anemia is 5-10 years.
- Diamond Blackfan anemia is <1year of age
- Bone marrow aspirate in Fanconi anemia shows pancytopenia
hypoproliferative anemia caused by replacement of bone marrow hematopoietic cells by malignant cells or fibrotic tissue
Myelophthisic Anema
Important findings in myelophthisic anemia
Dacryocytes (teardrop cells)
Poikilocytes can be found in the condition of uremia
Burr cells
Characterized by a sudden loss of blood resulting from trauma or other severe forms of injury
Acute blood loss anemia
Characterized by gradual long-term loss of blood; often caused by gastrointestinal bleeding
Chronic blood loss anemia
