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HEMATOLOGY (Topnotcher QT) > AUTOMATION > Flashcards

AUTOMATION Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

Developed by Coulter in the 1950s, and is the most common methodology used.

A

Electrical impedance

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2
Q

The number of pulses generated is _______ to cell count

A

proportional/ directly proportional

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3
Q

The amplitude of the pulse generated is ________ to cell size

A

proportional/ directly proportional`

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4
Q

More than one cell at a time passes through the orifice and causes artificial large pulses which results in falsely increased cell volumes and falsely decreased cell counts

A

Coincident passage

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5
Q

Uses flow cytometer with laser to measure light scattering properties of cells

A

Light scattering Optical method

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6
Q

In LSOM, forward angle light scatter (0 angle) measures:

A

CELL SIZE

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7
Q

Internal complexity or cell granularity

A

orthogonal/side angle LS

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8
Q

A combination of forward low-angle ls and forward high-angle ls which correlates to cell volume and refractive index or with internal complexity

A

Differential scatter

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9
Q

Forward low-angle light scatter: _____ degrees
Forward high-angle light scatter: _____degrees

A

Forward low-angle: 2-3 degrees
Forward high-angle: 5-15 degrees

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10
Q

The number of pulses generated is _______ to the cell count

A

Directly proportional

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11
Q

Optical scatter may be used to study ____, _____, and ______

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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12
Q

In the Histogram, the X axis represents the cell ____
while the Y axis represents the cell ______

A

X-axis = cell size
Y-axis m= cell count

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13
Q

In WBC histogram, the reference range of WBCs is:

A

35-450 fL

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14
Q

1st peak = cell(s) _______, smallest, measures ____fL
2nd peak = cell(s) _______, medium, measures ____fL
3rd peak = cell(s) _______, largest, measures _____fL

A

1st peak = LYMPHOCYTES; 35-90fL
2nd peak = MONOCYTES (includes Basophils and Eosinophils); 90-160fL
3rd peak= GRANULOCYTES (Neutrophils); 160-450 fL

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15
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

population before 35fL may indicate _______, _______

A

Population before 35 fL may indicate nucleated RBCs, giant or clumped platelets

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16
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

peak overlap at 90fL may indicate _______ or ______

A

peak overlap at 90 fL may indicate reactive lymphocytes or blast cells

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17
Q

Abnormal WBC histograms:

peak overlap at 160fL may indicate ________, ______, _____ or _______

A

peak overlap at 160 fL may indicate an increased in bands, immature neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

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18
Q

Reference size range for RBCs in histogram

A

> or equal to 36 fL

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19
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Two peaks indicate a:

A

Dimorphic erythrocyte population

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20
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Increased curve width will correlate with an:

A

increased RDW (anisocytosis)

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21
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Shift to the right indicates:

A

increased MCV (macrocytic)

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22
Q

Abnormal RBC histogram:

Shift to the left indicates:

A

decreased MCV (microcytic)

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23
Q

reference size range for platelets in the histogram

A

2-20 fL

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24
Q

reference interval for the MPV:

A

6.8 to 10.2 fL

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25
Q

PARAMETERS:
RBC decreased
MCV increased
MCHC increased
HCT decreased
Grainy appearance

RATIONALE:
RBC agglutination

INDICATORS:
Dual RBC population or shift to the right on RBC histogram

A

Cold Agglutinins

26
Q

Corrective action/remedy for cold agglutinins

A

warm sample at 37C

27
Q

PARAMETERS:
Hb increased
MCH increased
MCHC increased

A

Lipemia, icterus, chylomicrons

28
Q

Corrective action/remedy for lipemic specimens or chylomicrons present

A

Plasma replacement

29
Q

PARAMETERS:
RBC decreased
HCT decreased

A

hemolysis

30
Q

PARAMETERS:
WBC increased
Hb increased

A

Lysis-resistant RBC with abnormal Hb

31
Q

Corrective action/remedy for lysis-resistant RBC with abnormal Hb

A

Manual dilutions, allow incubation for lysis time

32
Q

PARAMETERS:
RBC decreased
Platelet increased

A

Microcytosis or schistocytes

33
Q

Corrective action/remedy for possible presence of schistocytes

A

smear review

34
Q

PARAMETERS:
WBC increased

A

Nucleated RBCs, megakaryocyte fragments, or micromegakaryoblasts

nRBCs or micromegakaryoblasts are counted as WBCs

35
Q

PARAMETERS:
Platelet decreased
WBC increased

A

Platelet clumps

36
Q

Corrective action/remedy for possible presence of nRBCs/ micromegakaryoblasts

A

Count nucleated RBCs or Micromegakaryoblasts per 100 WBCs and CORRECT

37
Q

Corrective action/remedy for presence of platelet clumps

A

Redraw specimen in sodium citrate, multiply by 1.1

38
Q

PARAMETERS:
Hb increased
RBC increased
HCT increased
INCORRECT/ABNORMAL INDICES

A

WBC >100,000/uL

Increased turbidity on Hb, WBCs counted as RBC COUNT

39
Q

Corrective action/remedy for very high WBC count (>100,000/uL)

A

Spun hematocrit, manual Hb (read supernatant), correct RBC count, recalculate indices

40
Q

PARAMETERS:
MCV increased
MPV increased
Platelet decreased
AUTOMATED DIFFERENTIAL MAY BE INCORRECT

A

Old specimen

RBC swell and as sample ages, platelets swell and degenerate, WBCs affected by prolonged exposure to EDTA

41
Q

corrective action/remedy for suspected old specimen

A

Establish stability and sample rejection criteria

42
Q

Errors with cell counting:

Aperture plug (negative or positive?)

A

positive error

43
Q

Errors with cell counting:

Extraneous electrical pulses (negative or positive error?)

A

positive error

44
Q

Errors with cell counting:

Improper setting of aperture current (negative or positive error?)

A

negative error/
(+/- error)

45
Q

Errors with cell counting:

Bubbles (negative or positive error?)

A

positive error

46
Q

Errors with cell counting:

Excessive lysing of RBCs (negative or positive error)

A

negative error

47
Q

Giant platelets may be counted as RBCs or WBCs

true or false

A

true

48
Q

Fragments of WBC cytoplasm may be counted as platelet or RBCs

true or false

A

true

49
Q

Agglutination will cause a false positive result (RBC, WBC, platelet)

true or false

A

false - agglutination will cause a false negative result (RBC, WBC, platelet)

49
Q

An increased number of schistocytes may make accurate RBC and platelet count possible

true or false

A

false - it may make RBC and platelet count impossible if there is an increased schistocytes

50
Q

Agglutinated RBCs and platelets may cause a falsely positive count

true or false

A

true

51
Q

Platelet satellitism will result in falsely high platelet counts and a decreased WBC count

true or false

A

false - platelet satellitism will result in a falsely low platelet count and an increased WBC count

52
Q

Some abnormal RBCs tend to resist lysis, which may result in high WBC counts. Example sickle cells, extremely hypochromic cells, and target cells

true or false

A

true

53
Q

FIBROMETER is an electromechanical device where fibrin strand formation is detected using a wire loop or hook that is incorporated to a fully-automated instrument

true or false

A

false - fribrometer is incorporated to a SEMI-AUTOMATED INSTRUMENT

54
Q

Electra 750 and 750A is an AUTOMATED photo-optical device

true or false

A

false - Electra 750 and 750A is a SEMIAUTOMATED photo-optical device

55
Q

Ortho Koagulab16S and 40 is an AUTOMATED photo-optical device

true or false

A

true

56
Q

Computed values:

A

MCH
MCHC
HCT

57
Q

Derived values:

A

MCV
RDW
MPV
PDW

58
Q

Directly measured by electrical impedance:

A

RBC ct.
WBC ct.
PLT ct.

59
Q

Flow cytometry components:

A

Laser (light source)
Fluidics
Computer
Detection system

60
Q

3 part differential:

A

Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

61
Q
A

HEMATOLOGY (Topnotcher QT) (12 decks)

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