tutoring 2

Question 1

hybridization and PCR

Answer 1

id infectious disease and inherited diorders

have to know the squence of the gene or pathogen

Question 2

hybridization

Answer 2

DNA or RNA sequence

ssDNA, stuck to fil,, add probes, bind to DNA if present and then blot

Question 3

PCR amplifies DNA

Answer 3

DNA denatured to SssRNA
primers added
anneals to TaqP 
daughter made 
repeat until enough 

needs primers, dNTPs, taq, thermocycler

Question 4

qPCR uses

Answer 4

fluroecent tag for specific gene (to see if you have extra DNA)

Question 5

RFLP and Variable number tandem repeats

Answer 5

detect DNA sequences, used in forensics

Question 6

RFLP

Answer 6

everyone has changes in DNA

restriction enzymes recognize sequences

some people might have mutations here

changes the cleavage pattern

paternity, forensics, sickle cell anemia (changes 3 to 2)

Question 7

VNTR

Answer 7

shorrt tandem repeats in DNA
cute out and see how long
repeats can be amplified in some diseases like
Huntongitons, fragile X, freidrich ataxia

Question 8

recombinant proteins

Answer 8

cDNA added to plasmid vector, transcribed, tranlated repilcated, etc, pulled out and purified and used

insulin-has been modified to make it better

Question 9

ELISA

Answer 9

tests for antibody and antigen
indirect looks for ab
sandwhich looks for ag

Question 10

indirect

Answer 10

ag bound to plate
sample with ab is added
second ab is added with tag or enzyme

amount of ab can be determined by the intensity of teh tagged color

means tthe ab are there

Question 11

sandwich

Answer 11

bind ab to plate and add sample with ag
add another ab with enzyme
amount of ag can be determined by color change

Question 12

pregnancy test

Answer 12

hcg sanwich

Question 13

heart attack

Answer 13

troponin sandwhich

Question 14

hiv infection

Answer 14

hiv ab indirect

must confrim with western blot

Question 15

amyloidosis can show up in

Answer 15

heart, CHF, SOB, hepatomegaly, easy bruisuing, jaundive (heart and liver)

Question 16

know photo

Answer 16

know it

prob dont need to know tpo and epo

Question 17

t cells

Answer 17

CD3, 4, 8

Question 18

B cells

Answer 18

CD19, CD20

Question 19

NK cells

Answer 19

CD56

Question 20

macorphages

Answer 20

Cd14

Question 21

HSC CD

Answer 21

34

Question 22

neutrophils always get to the infectio first and tehn

Answer 22

recruit tissue specific macrophages

Question 23

neutrophils have

Answer 23

peroxidase, lypsozyme and defensins

forms NETs (DNA, potein, enzymes)-dont die

first responder

Question 24

leukocyotosis

Answer 24

infection, too many leokocytes, most are neutrophils, left shift means band cells (immature neutrophils, so sick that bone marrow is spitting out a bunch of them)

Question 25

M1 macrophage

Answer 25

inflamatory induced by IFN y

Question 26

M2 macroohage

Answer 26

antiinflammatory incued by IL 4 and 13

Question 27

mast celll

Answer 27

histamine, allergies

Question 28

eosinophils

Answer 28

major basic proteins, parasites

Question 29

NK cells

Answer 29

CD16, CD56 not specific, no memory, recognize receptors of our normal cells kill cells that do not have self receptors-cancer use perforin granzyme

Question 30

inflammation

Answer 30

swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function, senitnal cells react first, MAST cells (allergies) mast cells release histamine

Question 31

pyrogens

Answer 31

include TNF, IL1, IL6 cause fever

Question 32

LPS on

Answer 32

gram neg bacteria

Question 33

mannose receptoir

Answer 33

bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.

Question 34

all human proteins start with

Answer 34

met, all bacterial is f-met

Question 35

upon TLR binding, activates

Answer 35

NFkB and increases IFN `

Question 36

TLR 3 and TLR 4

Answer 36

can use a different pathway other than Myd88

Question 37

NOD like receptors

Answer 37

intracellular, complexed wiht inflammasome, IL 1b and 18 activate caspase 1 causing apoptosis is what causes pain in GOUT

Question 38

DAMPs

Answer 38

necrosis HMGB1-TLR2/3 make NFkB uric acid-makes NLRP3 amkes NfKB HSPs male trl2/3 males NFKB all make TNF a and IL 1

Question 39

antiinflammatory

Answer 39

M2 makes IL 10, TGFB

Question 40

macrophages have receptors for everything, secrete most things except

Answer 40

IFNg which activates tehm

Question 41

APP made in liver in response to

Answer 41

IL6 CRP opsonin serum amyloid A (amyloidosis)

Question 42

macrpophages and neutrophils kill with

Answer 42

phagolysosome and NO/ROS O2 to O2 rad to H2O2 to OH to H2O or H2O2 can make HOCL to singlet Ogygen

Question 43

mast cels cannot fight viral infections

Answer 43

they just release hitamine