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SFM Quiz 2 > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of stem cells

A

not terminally differentiated
can divide without limit
can undergo slow division
gives rise to once stem cell and another to be differentited

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2
Q

adult stem cells are

A

tissue specific

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3
Q

totipotency

A

give rise to all cells of an organism, including embyronic and extraembryonic tussue

ex: zygote

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4
Q

pluripotency

A

give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequent adult tissues

ex: embryo/blastocyst

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5
Q

multipotency

A

give rise to different cell types of a given lineage

ex: adult stem cells/various tissues

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6
Q

founder stem cells

A

proportions of body parts determined early

each tissue has fixed number of founder cell populations

programmed to have fixed number of divisions

controlled by short range signals that operate for a few hundred cell diameters

define the size of the large final structure

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7
Q

transit amplifying cells

A

cells that divide frequently

transit from a cell with stem cell characteristics to a differentiated cell

leave the basal layer and incorporate into the layers above

limited number of divisions (finite)

part of growth control, committed

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8
Q

immortal strand hypothesis

A

some tissues stem cells selectively retain original DNA to prevent errors thus the daughter cell will retain stem cell characteristics. The original DNA is preserved in all generations of that cell, while the other duaghter has the new DNA

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9
Q

self renewal

A

stem cell can go and make a new “committed” cell or just keep making the same of its own type of stem cell

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10
Q

stem cells differentiate in stages

A

stages involve multiple factors that combine to produce epigenetic markers in the cell’s DNA that restrict DNA expression and thus the type of cell that the stem cell will differentate into

DNA expression can pass on to daughter cells through cell division or daughter cellls can retain stem cell status and ability for long temr renewal (imortal strand hypothesis)

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11
Q

embryonic stem cells are derived from

A

the blastocyst

can proliferate indefinately with unrestrictred developmental potential and when put back into the embryo can reassimilate well

develope into different cell types

if injected into an embryo later on or in a n adult, they di not receive proper signal and can become tumors

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12
Q

embryonic stem cells can cause

A

teratomas

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13
Q

teratomas

A

ability to differentiate into wide range of tissues, no axis or segmentation, no body plan generation, lacks organization similar to ES cells in vitro after differentation

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14
Q

ES cell differentation becomes

A

cartilage, bone, skin, nervs, gut/resp. lining, when injected into host animals

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15
Q

human ES cells may be derived at

A

high frequency from good quality embryos

serum containing medium plus mouse pr human embryonic geeder cells

serum free medium with serum replacmeent and basic FGF

LIF and related cytokines have no effect

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16
Q

ES cell therapies

A

reliable, establishes pluripotency

induce development of specialized cell types, solve rejection problems

success in mouse with SCID, DM, Parkinson’s, Spinal injury, demyleination, MI

17
Q

human ES cells express genes found in pluripotent cell populations manu of which code for

A

proteins with important roles in early embryonic development

18
Q

Transcription factors are essential for

A

establishment and maintenaince of pluripotent stem cells in the embryo
NANog, Oct4, Sox2, FoxD3 common ones
GCNF is required for early stages of pluripotnet cell diff.
cripto and GDF-3 are growth factors found in pluripotent cells

19
Q

adult stem cells found in

A

tissues, repsond to demands of growth and repair

there are growth, organization and repair restrictions

20
Q

adult stem cells are strictly controlled by

A

molecular restarints on gene expression, heritable during manu round of cell division

may relax these rules in altered envirornment, allowing for plasticity (low frequency)

21
Q

cord blood

A

cells are undifferentiated, no gene manipualted, ethical?

22
Q

adult stem cells have the capacity to

A

differentiate in vitro and in vivo into chondrocytes, myoblasts, osteoblasts, pancreatic beta cells and neuronal like cells, and can regenerate neuronal cells

23
Q

adult stem cells have two sources

A

bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells (transplant)

adipose derived mesenchyma stem cells (liposuction)

24
Q

harvested adult stem cells have

A

memory of developmental history

cannot coerce to express the characteristics of something totally differnt which limits use

25
Q

hematopoietic and stromal stem cells both come from

A

bone marrow

differ in what they can become

26
Q

HSCs become

A

blood components, come from bone marrow and peripheral blood as well as cord blood

27
Q

MSCs become

A

CT, other tissues found in wharton’s jelly, bone marrow, adipose, tooth pulp

28
Q

A touch of regenerative medicine

A

pluripotent cells either pt derived (iPS) or nonpatient derived (Embryonic) are differented in vitro

another option is to reprogram primary cells

29
Q

regenerative medicine is tricky becayse of

A

many decisions-has to be pure form, have to have enough, which cell to tranplant, delivery, integratino, rejection, embryonic grafts may be used, some sites better than others

30
Q

immune rejection is a problem in

A

adult stem cells

graft can be rejected, requires an identical genotype

31
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

nulceus taken from somatic cell of pt and injected into oocyte of a donor replacing the oocyte nucleus which generates a blastocyte from the hybride oocyte and ES cells isolated

32
Q

Can insert regulatory factors into fibroblast which

A

mskes it similar to ES cells

insert Oct3/4, sox2, myc, Klf4

allows them to differentiated into other cells

low yeild and not identical to ES cells

33
Q

alternatives to human ES cells

A

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

SCNT

34
Q

SCNT

A

somatic cell nucleart transfer

cell is custome made, no tissue rejection, can help us study disesaes, omits embryo step

35
Q

iPS prospect of introducing patient specific iPS cells for use in treatment

A

totipotent cells for blastocyst

placenta cell layer forms

then ES cells form (what will be most of the body)

therapeutic for spinal injuries, heart failure, Parkonson;s, DM, arthritis, osteoporotisi, liver failure

controversial because destroying embryos

recombinant DNA can introduce 4 tf into adult stem cells to give them properties of ES cells

recombinant DNA technologies may develop pluripotent stem cells starting from differentiated adult cells by introducing NAnog, Oct4, Sox2, and Lin28.

more research needed on iPS but cool b/c makes pt specific iPS cells and may correct incurable conditions
high ptietnal for teratomas

SFM Quiz 2 (25 decks)

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