Tutorial 2: BONES, JOINTS & MOVEMENT Flashcards
give a description of the following movement and its plane. flexion
sagittal, Movement towards the ventral surface of the body.
Usually decreases the joint angle.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. extension
sagittal , Movement towards the dorsal surface. Usually increases
the joint angle.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. hyperextension
sagittal, Extension movement which goes past the fully extended
position i.e. past its anatomical position
give a description of the following movement and its plane. abduction
frontal, Movement away from the midsagittal plane.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. adduction
frontal, Movement towards the midsagittal plane.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. rotation
transverse, Movement of a bone where it spins on its longitudinal
axis.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. circumduction
multiple, Movement of the long segment where the proximal end
remains stationary and the distal end describes a circle.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. pronation
transverse, A special movement of the forearm where the palm is
turned to face posteriorly.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. supination
transverse, A special movement of the forearm where the palm is
turned to face anteriorly.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. dorsiflexion
sagittal, Movement of the foot in the sagittal plane where the toes
are lifted off the ground /stand on the heels.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. plantar flexion
sagittal , Movement of the foot in the sagittal plane to stand on the
toes
give a description of the following movement and its plane. elevation
frontal, Movement which raises a body part.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. depression
frontal, Movement which lowers a body part.
give a description of the following movement and its plane. eversion
frontal , Movement where the lateral side of the foot is raised off
the ground
give a description of the following movement and its plane. inversion
frontal, Movement where the medial side of the foot is raised off
the ground
give a description of the following movement and its plane. protraction
transverse, Movement where a body part is moved anteriorly /
forwards
give a description of the following movement and its plane. retraction
transverse, Movement where a body part is moved posteriorly /
backwards
what is the axial skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the bones which lie around the body’s longitudinal axis.
The skull is ____________________ to the vertebral column?
Superior / cranial
The vertebral column is ____________________ to the skull?
Inferior / caudal
The vertebral column is ____________________ to the sternum?
and the The heart is ____________________ to the ribs?
Posterior / dorsal
Deep
where is the Hyoid bone and the Auditory ossicles (ear bones)
The hyoid bone and auditory ossicles in the middle ear are functionally
not part of either the axial or appendicular skeleton but are associated
with the axial skeleton and are grouped here for convenience.
what two groups of bones does the skull contain
The skull consists of the cranial and the facial bones.
define the following cranial bones: frontal
Forms the forehead, roof of the orbits & most of anterior part of
cranial floor.
define the following cranial bones:
parietal
Forms the largest portion of the sides and roof of the cranium.
define the following skull bones:
temporal
Inferior lateral aspect of cranium & part of cranial floor.
define the following skull bones:
occipital
Forms the posterior part of the cranium and most of the base of the
cranium.
define the following skull bones:
sphenoid
Butterfly shaped bone in mid-part of base of skull; articulates with
all other cranial bones; forms part of the orbits.
define the following skull bones:
ethmoid
Located in anterior cranial floor, medial to orbits; sponge-like in
appearance.
define the following facial bones:
maxilla
Unite to form the upper jaw; articulates with every facial bone
except mandible.
define the following facial bones:
zygomatic
Cheekbones; articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid &
temporal bones.
define the following facial bones:
mandible
Lower jawbone; the only movable skull bone
(other than auditory ossicles).
Look at the newborn human and chimpanzee skulls. What do you notice about
the forehead region that is different from adult skulls?
There are 2 separate frontal bones in the newborn skull
Look at the small primate resource provided, which exhibits the forehead feature
you identified above in the newborn human and chimpanzee skulls.
What might this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of the three animals?
They share a common ancestor.
Compared to the other specimens, what do you notice about the mandible of the
human and chimpanzee newborn specimens and the small adult primate skull?
The mandibles consist of 2 separate bones that are unfused.
What might the comparative anatomy of the jaws of these three animals suggest
about their evolutionary relationship?
They share a common ancestor
Compared to the adult chimpanzee and small primate, what do you notice about
the positional relationship of the adult human face relative to the skull? What
might account for this difference?
The chimpanzee and small primate’s faces sit in front of the skull but the human
face is positioned under the skull. This is due in part to the large human brain.
The large hole at the base of all skulls is called the foramen magnum (which
basically means big hole!). What do you think passes through this hole?
What bony structure is this feature passing into next?
Spinal cord. Vertebral column
Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
cervical (7)
Neck region; smaller than all other vertebrae except coccygeal vertebrae. Has transverse foramen (holes) to allow the passage of blood vessels.
Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
thoracic (12)
Chest region; larger than cervical vertebrae; articulate with ribs.
Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
lumbar (5)
Lower back; largest of the unfused
vertebrae.
Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
sacrum (5)
Triangular bone formed by fusion of sacral vertebrae.
Define the following vertebral regions and where the axial region is
coccyx (4)
Triangular; formed by fusion of coccygeal
vertebrae; articulates with apex of sacrum.
Unlike all other primates, the apes (humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans and gibbons), do not have a tail. Instead, apes have a coccyx, which is considered a remnant of the tail. What does the presence of a vestigial tail suggest about the evolutionary relationship of the apes and other primates?
They share a common ancestor.
List 4 functions you think the vertebral column performs.
- Support of the head and trunk (weight bearing)
- Protection of the spinal cord
- Attachment site for muscles (movement)
- Attachment site for ribs / attachment sit for pelvis
List the bony evidence you would use to support for your conclusions about the
functions of the vertebral column.
multiple vertebra
read this appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that form the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is movement.
read this pectoral shoulder
The pectoral (shoulder) girdles attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The pectoral girdles do not articulate with the vertebral column; they are held in place by muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula.
read this pelvis
The pelvic (hip) girdle attaches the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of two coxal bones (also called os coxa, pelvic bones, hip bones) articulating with the sacrum. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion (in the adult) of the three bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis.
clavicle – articulates with the:
scapula and sternum
scapula – articulates with the:
coxal bones – articulate with the:
humerus and clavicle
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs humerus
arm, scapula
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs ulna
forearm, humerus
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs radius
forearm, humerus
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs carpals
hand, ulnar and radius
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs metacarpals
hand, carpals
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Upper limbs phalanges
hand, metacarpals
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs femur
thigh, tibia and fibula
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs fibula
leg, tarsals
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs tibia
leg, tarsals
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs tarsals
foot, metatarsals
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs metatarsals
foot, phalanges
describe the Appendicular region and Name the bone(s) immediately proximal to: of the following Lower limbs phalanges (toes)
foot, none
Describe an example of flexion that does not occur along the sagittal plane.
Flexion of the thumb; lateral flexion of the trunk
Name the movements which, in a continuous sequence, produce circumduction.
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation (or in reverse order
what do the coxal bones articulate with?
femurs and sacrum
