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Human Bio I Flashcards > Molecules of Life Biology Lecture Flashcards > Flashcards

Molecules of Life Biology Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

4 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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2
Q

polysaccharides in bacterias (4) (4)

A
  • capsules are formed from complex polysaccharides
  • glycogen or levan are storages for polysaccharides
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3
Q

polysaccharides in plants (4) (4)

A
  • cell walls are comprised of cellulose and pectins,
  • starch is a storage form
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4
Q

polysaccharides in insects and fungi

A

exoskeletons and cell walls contain chitin

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5
Q

three types of lipids (4)

A

phospholipids - components of cell membranes

waxes - coat surfaces of plants and the skin of animals to prevent water loss

complex lipids - signaling molecules, photoreceptors, hormones, pigments, and vitamins

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6
Q

proteins

A

proteins - ubiquitous components of cellular structures

amino acids form proteins

most enzymes are proteins

protein function include - hormones, defence molecules, signalling molecules

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7
Q

nucleic acids

A

information storage molecules, DNA forms chromosomes in all prokaryotic cells, and in nuclei, mitochondrial and chloroplast organelles of eukaryotes

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8
Q

monomer of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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9
Q

what is a monomer

A
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10
Q

what is a polymer

A
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11
Q

polymer of carbohydrate

A

polysaccharide

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12
Q

monomer of nucleic acid (4)

A

nucleotide

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13
Q

polymer of nucleic acid (4)

A

DNA strand

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14
Q

monomer of protein

A

amino acid

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15
Q

polymer of protein

A

polypeptide chain

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16
Q

monomer of lipid

A

fatty acid

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17
Q

polymer of lipid

A

triglyceride

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18
Q
A

nucleotides are the buiilidng blocks of nucleic acids

nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)

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19
Q

define double helix of DNA

A

DNA encodes information for the amino acids sequence of proteins

double helix - two polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

20
Q

how is RNA different to DNA

A

ribose instead of deoxyribose
include the base uracil instead of thymine
RNA uses info in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins

21
Q

what does DNA replication require

A
  1. something to copy - parent strand of DNA
  2. something to do the copying - Enzymes
  3. Building blocks to make copy
    nucleotide triphosphates
22
Q

define elongation step of DNA replication

A

new strands of DNA are synthesised by DNA polymerase

23
Q

what are helicases (4)

A

Helicases - use energy from ATP to unwind DNA

24
Q

what are Single-strand-binding proteins

A

Single-strand-binding proteins (SSBs) coat strands to keep
them apart

25
Q

what does unwinding of DNA cause

A

Unwinding of DNA introduces torsional strain in the molecule
that can lead to additional twisting of the helix, called
supercoiling

26
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Topoisomerases are enzymes that prevent supercoiling

27
Q

what is DNA gyrase function

A

DNA gyrase is the topoisomerase involved in DNA
replication that relieves the torsional strain

28
Q

directionality of DNA polymerase describe it cunt

A

DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5’-to-3’ direction

29
Q

why is DNA antiparallel

A

Antiparallel nature of DNA means new DNA strands must be
synthesized in opposite directions

30
Q

how is leading strand synthesised

A

Leading strand synthesized continuously from an initial
primer

31
Q

what is lagging strand synthesised

A

Lagging strand synthesized discontinuously with multiple
priming events

32
Q

what are okazaki fragments

A

DNA fragments on the lagging strand are called Okazaki
fragments, must be connected together

33
Q

why is eukaryotic replication more complex than prokaryotic (4)

A

larger amount of DNA in multiple chromosomes

linear structure (versus circular structure)

need to deal with ends (telomeres)

34
Q

techniques within biotechnology

A

Biotechnology started with the ability to manipulate DNA
including:
Cutting at sequence specific sites
* Ligating DNA fragments together
* Amplifying DNA as plasmids in bacteria
* Separating and visualising DNA

35
Q

restriction endonucleases

A

Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites
Used by bacteria against viruses
Discovery of restriction endonucleases important because of
their:
Ability to cut DNA into specific fragments
*
Use in gene cloning

36
Q

DNA ligases (4) (4)

A

DNA ligase joins two DNA fragments forming a stable DNA
molecule
Catalyzes formation of a phosphodiester bond between
adjacent phosphate and hydroxyl groups of DNA
nucleotides
Same enzyme joins Okazaki fragments on lagging strand
in replication

37
Q

Recombinant DNA replication (4)

A

Recombinant DNA can be stably replicated using a host
organism, often E. coli
.
Add DNA fragment of interest to a bacterial plasmid
*
Introduce plasmid to E. coli
Bacteria will incorporate recombinant DNA into genome
where it will replicate and be maintained for study

38
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

Allows separation of DNA fragments by size
Gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide
Submersed in buffer that can carry current
Subjected to an electrical field
*
Negatively-charged DNA migrates towards the positive
pole
.
Larger fragments move slower, smaller move faster
DNA is visualized using fluorescent dyes
DNA fragments can be cut from gel and purified for use in
making recombinant DNA

39
Q

what are sister chromatids (4)

A

when chromosome gets copied, you get two copies of each chromatid, these are sister chromatids

40
Q
A

Time it takes to complete a cell cycle varies greatly
Fruit fly embryos = 8 minutes
Mature cells take longer to grow
* Typical mammalian cell takes 24 hours.
* Liver cell takes more than a year.
Growth occurs during G1, G2, and S phases
* M phase takes about an hour.
Most variation in length of G

41
Q

Three Checkpoints of cell division (4) (4)

A
  1. G/S checkpoint
    Cell “decides” to divide.
    Primary point for external signal influence.
    2.
    G/M checkpoint
    Cell makes a commitment to mitosis.
    Assesses success of DNA replication.
    3.
    Late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint
    Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the
    spindle.
42
Q
A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)
Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
* Primary mechanism of cell cycle control
Cdks partner with different cyclins at different points in the
cell cycle

43
Q

Cdk-Cyclin Complex

A

Cdk - cyclin complex
Also called mitosis-promoting factor (MPF).
Activity of Cdk is also controlled by the pattern of phosphorylation
Phosphorylation at one site (red) inactivates Cdk.
Phosphorylation at another site (green) activates Cdk.

44
Q

Control in Multicellular Eukaryotes

A
  • Multiple Cds control the cycle as opposed to the single
    Cdk in yeasts

Animal cells respond to a greater variety of external
signals than do yeasts, which primarily respond to signals
necessary for mating

More complex controls allow the integration of more input
into control of the cycle

45
Q

what is cancer

A

unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of cells

failure of the cell cycle

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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