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Human Bio I Flashcards > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tissue defintion

A

groups of cells that are similar in terms of structure and perform a common function

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2
Q

nervous tissue function

A

communication and control

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3
Q

connective tissue function

A

support and protection

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4
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

covering and lining body surfaces

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5
Q

muscular tissue function

A

movement and generation of heat

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6
Q

nverous tissue characteristics

A

Makes up nervous system

  • Excitable
  • Concerned with
    communication and control
  • Highly cellular
  • 2 maior cell types
  • Neurons that generate and
    conduct nerve impulses
    (excitable)
  • Supporting cells
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7
Q

epithelium function

A

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities & tubes,

forms the secretory portion of glands

Functionally = selective barrier
(secretion, absorption, transport, protection, receptor function)

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8
Q

how to tell if cell is epithelium

A

is there freee space (white void) above it, highly cellular,

Cells are in very close contact - very little intercellular (= between cells) space due to cell junctions

Cells exhibit polarity (top, sides & bottom) - morphology & function

Arranged in sheets

Highly regenerative (mitotic)
vascular (nourishment via diffusion)

Basement membrane - BM + cell unctions are indicative of epithelium (explained soon).

Sits on connective tissue

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9
Q

why do epithelial cells have highest rate of cancer

A

Epithelial cells are so mitotically active

(barrier /protective function) that theyundergo the highest number of replications of all tissue types. Increased replications,
increases risk of mutations.

Due to their protective function, epithelium is exposed to higher amounts of carcinogenic compounds - these often mutate DNA.

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10
Q

three domains of epithelia (3)

A

Apical Domain - faces free surface;

apical specialisations may be present

Lateral Domain - specialisations to keep cells very closely packed and tightly bound

Basal Domain - rests on a basement
membrane to which it is tightly bound

All 3 domains contribute to epithelium’s function of “barrier”.

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11
Q

Epithelial apical specialisations -

A

cilia and microvilli.

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12
Q
A

Cilia are much taller and wider
compared to microvilli and they have
a more complicated internal structure

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13
Q

lateral domain function

A

Resist stress

Controls what can go
across cells (barrier)

Communication between
cells

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14
Q

three types of cell junctions

A

cells very closely packed

(little extra-cellular / inter-
cellular matrix) and tightly bound
(tight junctions, desmosomes)
+ gap junctions
(cell to cell communication)

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15
Q

basal domain of epithelia

A

all epithelium is in direct association with a basement membrane

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16
Q

basement membrane function, defintion, what is it made up of?

A

Basement membrane (BM) = basal lamina (attachment site for
overlying epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue)

+ hemidesmosomes

+ underlying layer of connective tissue fires attached to BM

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17
Q

(4)

A

Functions = structural attachment - provides binding sites for cell
adhesion molecules; tissue organisation during development;
guides cellular differentiation & inhibits or promotes cell
proliferation & migration; semi-permeable selective barrier.

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18
Q

classification of epithelia in terms of numbers of layers

A

1 = simple
more than 1 = stratified

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19
Q

classification of epithelia cell shapes

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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20
Q

simple squamous cells, location, function, description. (4)

A

Simple squamous cells are flat (width greater than height), nucleus bulges but is flattened and lies
parallel to the surface of the epithelium.

function Simple barrier
Rapid transfer / exchange
- fluids and gases

location

Lines blood vessels (endothelium
Body cavities (mesothelium)
Kidneys
(part of the glomerular capsule)
Lungs (forms alveoli)

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21
Q

simple cuboidal (4)

A

Simple cuboidal - cells as wide and deep as they are tall, nucleus is round, microvilli sometimes present

Functions:
Barrier
Absorption
Secretion

loication

Secretary portions and ducts of small glands
Surface of the ovary,
Kidney tubules,
Thyroid follicles

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22
Q

simple colomnar

A

single layer of cells taller than they are wide, sausage shaped nucleus tends to be positioned at the cell’s base.

May have microvilli (brush border) or cilia on apical surface.

Note the simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessels.

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23
Q

simple colomnar function

A

Barrier (e.g. from
stomach acid)
Absorption
Secretion

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24
Q

simple colomnar location

A

Stomach,
Small & large
intestines

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25
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar description

A

Pseudostratified Columnar - looks stratified because of the way the nuclei are arranged but not all
cells reach the surface.

All cells sit on the basement membrane so classified as simple.

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26
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar function

A

Functions:
Barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Conduit

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27
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar locations (4)

A

Location examples:

Trachea & bronchi

Vas deferens & epididymis
of male reproductive tract

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28
Q

two types of stratified squamous (4)

A

non-keratinised - look at top layer of cells, if you can see nuclei, meaning that that top layer of cells is alive and they’re alive because they’re in a moist environment

keratinised - if you cant see nuclei in the top layer, you are dealing with compacted dead cells

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29
Q

functions of stratified squamous (4)

A

barrier, protection against abrasion

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30
Q

locations of stratified squamous cells (4)

A

epidermis, oral cavity, and oesophagus, vagina

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31
Q

transitional epithelium (4)

A

cell with two nuclei

Functions:

stretches to allow distension of the urinary tract; protects the underlying tissues from osmotic damage from urine (barrier)

Locations:

Parts of the kidney, ureters, bladder,

part of the urethra

32
Q

Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Secretion (4)

A

Columnar epithelium of the stomach and gastric glands

33
Q

Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Absorption (4)

A

Columnar epithelium of intestines & cuboidal epithelium in parts of the nephron in the kidneys

34
Q

Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Transport (4)

A

Transport of materials along the surface of the epithelium (pseudostratified columnar)

Transport of material across an epithelium to and from the underlying connective tissue (simple epithelia)

35
Q

Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Protection (4)

A

Stratified squamous & transitional

36
Q

Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Receptor Function

A

Receive and transduce external stimuli,

e.g. taste bids, olfactory epithelium,
retina

37
Q

gland definition

A

Gland = cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body

The gland itself may produce a product (secretion) OR
the product may be something removed from tissues and modified by the gland (excretion)

38
Q

types of glands

A

2 types of glands

Exocrine

usually maintains contact with surface by way of duct (a tube of epithelium that conveys
secretion to Surface).

Examples = salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands

(I) Endocrine - no contact with surface

(lost during development). so no ducts: product (= hormones) is
secreted directly into the blood.

Examples = pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Some glands are
unicellular. ea. goblet cells

Some

organs have both
exocrine and endocrine
unctions, e.g. pantieds

39
Q

types of secretion

A

Serous - thin watery secretion, e.g. tears, sweat, digestive juices

Mucous - secrete mucin (glycoprotein), mixes with H,O to produce mucus
e.g. goblet cells

Mixed - contain both serous and mucous cells, e.g. some salivary glanas

40
Q

Modes of Secretion

A

Merocrine = product
released oy
eXoCyIOSIS

sometimes called eccrine (e.g. salivary glands)

Apocrine = droplets covered by cell membrane
and a verv thin laver of cvtoplasm bud off from
cell sunace (e.g. milk lals)

Holocrine = cells accumulate a product and then
cell disintegrates (nereby becomina the produci
lea. sebaceous alands

41
Q

connective tissue info 2 know (4)

A

Many varied functions

Most widely variable of all tissue types

Common embryological origin

Extracellular matrix separates cells

Cells are widely spaced compared to
other tissues

May or may not be vascularised

42
Q

connective tissue function

A

Binding & packing (epithelium, capsules around organs & joints; fat)

Support (bone, cartilage and fat)

Protection (bone & fat)

Insulation (fat)

Transport (blood - delivers phagocytic anc immune cells where required)

43
Q

connective tissue what is it (4)

A

cells + matrix = connective tissue

space occupying matrix will always be greater than space occupied by cells

cell produce the matrix, cells are widely spread

matrix - determine the properties of the CT

= fibres + ground substance

ground substance has fibres and cells

44
Q

fibres (4)

A

all proteins by cells (transcription and translation) G1 phase of the cell cycle.

45
Q

CT cells (4)

A

can exist in mature and immature phases

prefix often reflects CT type: fibro, osteo, chondro

undifferentiated (immature) cells are actively mitotic and secrete fibres and ground substance: suffix = “blast” (producer)

if tissue matrix is damaged, mature cells can revert to immature forms for the purpose of repair.

46
Q

ground substance

A

simplest example = clear. amorphous, viscous fluid / ge

47
Q

ground substance functionc (4)

A

Fills up spaces between cells and fibres of CT

Acts as a molecular sieve

Allows for rapid diffusion of small molecules

Acts as a barrier to penetration of large molecules and foreign particles into tissues, e.g. bacteria and toxins

Transport of metabolites to and from blood vessels

Maintenance of electrolvte balance

Composed of interstitial fluid
(- fluid that surrounds cells),
cell adhesion proteins (to anchor cells in place), hydrophilic molecules - proteoglycans (characteristic CT molecules, function is to trap water)

48
Q

collagen fibres

A

very strong,

high tensile strength

(resistance to breaking
under tension

  • stretch

sionuv wavy albeane
some dive but not elastic.
manv different tvoes

49
Q

elastic fibres

A

finer than collagen

capacitv to stretch and recoil

50
Q

reticular fibres (4) (first sentence)

A

very fine form of collagen

not visible in most
photomicrographs used in HB1

51
Q

General (fibrous) connective tissue = connective tissue proper

A

(i) General (fibrous) connective tissue = connective tissue proper

Two subgroups

Loose CT (Areolar, Reticular)

Dense CT (Dense regular, Dense irregular)

52
Q

Specialised Connective tissues

A

(ii) Specialised Connective tissues

Adipose tissue

Lymphoid tissue

Blood

Cartilage

Bone

Differences between different classes and subgroups reflect cell type, fibre type and the proportion of matrix occupied by fibres

53
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

2 types: reticular and areolar

Not expected to recognise reticular
(photomicrograph is FYI only)

Features = abundance of reticular fibres.

Provides a supportive mesh for cells in delicate, cellular organs like liver,
spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes

54
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Areolar CT = all 3 fibre types + fibrocytes

(fibroblast used interchangeably)
+ white blood cells, macrophages
(= big phagocytes), adipocytes (fat cells).

55
Q
A

Areolar CT = widely distributed packing material of the body.

Binds body parts but allows them to move freely over one another

Fibres run in multiple directions.
This allows for movement in many directions because the ground substance is semi-fluid / gelatinous.

56
Q

dense connective tissue types

A

regular and irregular

Predominant fibre type is collagen

Fibres occupy more space than either cells or ground substance.

57
Q

dense regular

A

Fibres all aligned in
same direction.

Thick bundles of
collagen

Poor blood supply
Fresh tissue is white

High tensile strength
(= resists a lols Ol Torce neire breaking)

Very flexible so
bends but doesn’t stretch much

58
Q

dense irregular

A

Same elements as dense
regular but fibres are arranged
in many different directions.

Forms sheets of tissue where
tension is exerted in many
different directions

Examples = dermis of the skin,
joint capsules,
fibrous capsules of many
organs, e.g. kidneys, testes,
bones and muscles.

59
Q

adipose tissue (4)

A

areolar CT that has been modified to store fat droplets

60
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

associated with infants

61
Q

white adipose tissue features (4)

A

Features: well vascularised

Predominant cell type = adipocvte

Very little matrix as cells occupy so
much space. Areolar tissue can
always convert to adipose tissue.

62
Q

white adipose tissue functions

A

Functions:

Stores nutrients

Absorbs shock

Insulates

Holds some organs in place, e.g,
kidneys, spinal cord and eyes
= structural fat

63
Q

white adipose tissue locations

A

Locations: as above + subcutaneous

64
Q

blood as a CT (4)

A

Cells = BC (anucleate) & WBC (nucleate),
platelets (fragments)

Ground substance = liquid, plasma

Fibres are soluble in the plasma and only evident during clotting.
Functions:

Transport - O nutrients, waste, hormones

Protection - WBC, antibodies, platelets
Regulation - Homeostasis
(pH, body temperature, fluid distribution)

65
Q

three types of cartilage (4)

A

hyaline, elastic, & fibrocartilage

all avascular, Intermediate between dense CT and bone

toiugh but some flexibility

can attach muscles and tendons to it

cells called chondroblasts and chondrocytes

no nerve supply so good for covering joints

most cartiliafge is covered by perichondrium

(dense irregular CT)

66
Q

functions of cartilage (4) (4)

A

provides shape and support; template for bone growth; resists compressive forces

67
Q

locations of cartilage

A

hyaline (synovial joints, trachea, fetal skeleton, growth zones off skeleton)

elastic (epiglottis, external ear)

fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)

68
Q
A

Chondroblasts - actively deposit matrix

69
Q
A

Chondrocytes-maintenance

70
Q
A

vascular so nourished via diffusion from the perichondrium (dense irregular CT capsule)
= limit to cartilage thickness because there is a limit to effective diffusion

71
Q
A

Perichondrium houses chondroblasts - can add
to cartilage.

72
Q
A

Ground substance has firmly bound collagen fibres (whether or not they are visible depends on collagen type and number of fibres).

Ground substance contains up to 80% water bound to hydrophilic molecules to create stiffness

73
Q

cartilage growth

A

Cartilage grows by both
interstitial and appositional
means.

74
Q

Interstitial

A

Interstitial = intervening space
- grows from the middle
outwards - cells sitting the
matrix divide and then lay
down more matrix.

75
Q

Appositional

A

Appositional - to apply
adding more cartilage to the
outside.

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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