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Human Bio I Flashcards > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

Structural and functional
unit of living organisms
* All human cells originate
from a single fertilized egg
Development involves cell
replication & specialization

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2
Q

four main types of tissue in humans

A

connective tissue
epithelial
muscle
nervous tissue

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3
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial cells make up the epithelium. The cells come
from the surfaces of your body, like skin, digestive tract and
organs

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4
Q

how is cell diversity determined

A

genes -> proteins -> determined cell structure and function

each cell expresses only a subset of its genes

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5
Q

how big are cells (4)

A

cell sizes range from 5 to 100 micrometers

average cell nucleus is around 5 micrometers in diameter

micrometer = 1 - 1,000,000 of a meter
and 1 - 1000 of a millimeter

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6
Q

how small is a nanometer

A

1 nanometer = 1000 micrometers

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7
Q

viewing power of the human eye

A

down to 0.2mm

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8
Q

viewing power of light microscope

A

down to 0.2um

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9
Q

viewing power of the electron microscope

A

down to 0.2nm

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9
Q

what is mitosis needed for (4)

A

growth and repair

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10
Q

remember this

A

some cells are just too specialised to divide, and some cells divide very rapidly

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11
Q

explain G1 (first gap phase) of cell cycle (4)

A

growth and normal metabolic roles

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12
Q

explain S (synthesis phase) of cell cycle

A

DNA replication

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13
Q

explain G2 (second gap phase) of cell cycle (4)

A

growth and preparation for mitosis

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14
Q

what is interphase made up of

A

G1 - 2 - G2

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15
Q
A

In a normal human cell there are 46 chromosomes, also
called 23 pairs of chromosomes
In a cell in S phase, each chromosome doubles it’s DNA,
forming 2 chromatids, joined by a centromere
A DIPLOID cell has the full complement of chromosomes, a
HAPLOID cell has half

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16
Q
A

G1 phase (gap phase 1)
- growth & normal
cellular activity

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17
Q
A

S phase (synthetic phase)
- DNA replication
- 6-8 hours

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18
Q
A

G2 phase (gap phase 2)
brief, final preparation
for cell division
3-4 hours

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19
Q

prophase (4) (first part)

A

chromosomes condense and become visible
- nuclear membrane disappears
- mitotic spindle starts to form from centrioles

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20
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on equator
the spindle is fully formed

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21
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes split at centromeres

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22
Q

Telophase

A

decondensation of chromatin
reformation of nuclear envelope
- cytokinesis

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23
Q

plasma membrane of cell

A

outer boundary of the cell, lipid bilayer (polar/non-polar) + proteins

highly dynamic and fluid structure

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24
how is the phospholipid bilayer fluid in nature
because of chlorestrol, which is imbedded within the phospholipid bilayer, gives it a lot of its fluidity
25
Control centre of the cell - control is mediated via the DNA nuclear envelope chromatin nucleolus
26
nuclear envelope
- double-membrane - nuclear pores - outer membrane is continuous with Rough ER
27
chromatin (4)
- DNA / histone proteins
28
nucleolus
- produces ribosomes
29
rough ER
- cisternae/lamellae (sheets) - studded with ribosomes (protein/RNA subunits) - Site of protein synthesis
30
smooth (4)
tubular network (remember this 1) steroid synthesis - cholesterol synthesis - drug metabolism
31
first thing the mRNA will encounter when leaving nucleus is _______ (4) (4)
rough ER
32
lysosomes
contain enzymes that "digest" unwanted molecules
33
what does the golgi apparatus do (4)
transport and sort the proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum
33
what does cis mean in cellular biology (4)
close to in terms of proximity
34
what does trans mean in cellular biology
further way in terms of proximity
34
golgi apparatus and glucose transport
35
how can cells do bulk export (exocytosis)
secretory granule
36
nucleus, RER, and golgi interactions (4, the last part)
Nucleus - DNA directs protein synthesis by transcribing DNA into RNA * RER - site of translation/protein synthesis by ribosomes * Protein transported to Golgi apparatus * Proteins processed, exit within lysosomes or secretory granules
37
explain purpose of mitochrondia
Inner/Outer membranes - form cristae - high surface area
38
explain membrane of mitochondria
provides the energy supply for the cell * energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
39
cellular inclusions (4)
miscellanous components of cell
40
name some cellular inclusions (4)
pigments (e.g. melanocytes of the skin) glycogen (e.g. liver cells) lipid droplets (e.g. in fat cells)
41
cell projections
microvilli cilia
42
microvilli
Increase the surface area of a cell Commonly involved in absorption Microfilaments for rigidity
43
cilia (4 last part)
Used for moving material along (motility) More rare Microtubules for strength Attached to a basal body
44
three man types of cytoskeletal structures
microfilaments (tinnest) intermediate filaments (give the cell strength, they are thicker than microfilaments) microtubules (like the train tracks for movement of molecules around the cell)
45
cell-cell connections
1. tight junction
46
tight junction
intimate association between membranes of adjacent cells - * prevents substances passing between cells, forces them to go through cells * prominent in epithelial cells (eg, lining the gut)
47
desmosome (4)
spot welding providing attachment strength linking two cells * Intermediate filaments provide strength * prominent in skin cells
48
gap junction (4)
"channels connecting cytoplasm of two cells proteins called "connexins prominent in cells that work together (eg, smooth muscle)
49
diffusion
The movement of atoms or small molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, such that an equal and uniform concentration is achieved
50
osmosis
is through a semi-permeable membrane (meaning that water can enter cell)
51
hypertonic
a solution that has a greater amount of solute than the solution you are comparing it to
52
hypotonic
a solution that has a lesser amount of solute than the solution you are comparing it to
53
three main transport mechanisms (4)
diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport
54
what can move through diffusion (4)
steroid hormones and water
55
facilitated diffusion (4) (4)
have a concentration gradient but the molecule cant get in because its incompatible with the environment of the membrane does require a channel protein, but doesn't require energy, but is also limited by the amount of components doing this facilitated diffusion
56
what is a rate limiting factor for facilitated diffusion
amount of channel proteins in membrane
57
active transport (4)
carrier-mediated * energy required (from ATP) * enables transport AGAINST a concentration gradient * eg: amino acids, ions
58
carrier vs channel protein
carrier will change shape when the molecule moves through but the channel is just open or shut and the shape doesn't change whether or not a molecule is moving through Channel Proteins: do NOT change conformation when molecule passes through Passive transport Carrier Proteins: change of conformation when molecule passes through Active OR passive transport
59
sodium potassium pump carrier
1. used to pump Na+ out of the cell against a concentration gradient 2. * ATP energy is used to force the Na+ out of the cell *The pump protein changes conformation allowing K+ to bind 3. the K binds 4. the K+ is imported passively (no energy required) 5. the cycle resumes
60
vesicular transport
exocytosis: explusion of bulk molecules from a cell endocytosis: bringing in of bulk molecules into a cell
61
what are receptors (4)
integral membrane proteisn, but they do not do transport molecuels acvross the membrane receptors are required to 'signal' to the cell interior that a molecule is docked on the outside of the cell
61
two types of endocytosis
pinocytosis: phagocytosis:
62
cell signalling
cell signalling is a part of a complex system of cell communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions
63
ligand
is a signal that is bound by a receptor the shape of a receptor only matches the ligand that binds it
64
two types of hormones
steroid hormones peptide hormones
65
steroid hormones
bind intercellular receptors e.g. estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
66
peptide hormones
bind membrane receptors e.g. oxytocin, insulin, growth hormones
67
exocrine signalling
signalling/secreting to ducts/lumens and outside the body exocrine glands:- salivary, sweat, gastrointestinal contrast to endocrine signalling into the bloodstream where the target of signals is inside the body
68
the membrane of a resting cell is what
polarised (i.e. it is negative inside relative to outside)
69
electrical signal passes along the cell by a wave of + charge ion transport
70
Electrical Signals: controlling channels by electricity
The sodium gate is a channel protein that is responsible for propagating an electrical signal down a neuron. It opens in response to a voltage change Both The potassium gate AND the sodium/potassium pump restore the resting membrane potential
71
Electrical signaling involves changing the resting membrane potential (eg, depolarization) * Local depolarization action potential (if magnitude of depolarization large enough) Action potentials are a propagation of the depolarization

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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