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Human Bio I Flashcards > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

Structural and functional
unit of living organisms
* All human cells originate
from a single fertilized egg
Development involves cell
replication & specialization

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2
Q

four main types of tissue in humans

A

connective tissue
epithelial
muscle
nervous tissue

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3
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial cells make up the epithelium. The cells come
from the surfaces of your body, like skin, digestive tract and
organs

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4
Q

how is cell diversity determined

A

genes -> proteins -> determined cell structure and function

each cell expresses only a subset of its genes

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5
Q

how big are cells (4)

A

cell sizes range from 5 to 100 micrometers

average cell nucleus is around 5 micrometers in diameter

micrometer = 1 - 1,000,000 of a meter
and 1 - 1000 of a millimeter

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6
Q

how small is a nanometer

A

1 nanometer = 1000 micrometers

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7
Q

viewing power of the human eye

A

down to 0.2mm

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8
Q

viewing power of light microscope

A

down to 0.2um

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9
Q

viewing power of the electron microscope

A

down to 0.2nm

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9
Q

what is mitosis needed for (4)

A

growth and repair

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10
Q

remember this

A

some cells are just too specialised to divide, and some cells divide very rapidly

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11
Q

explain G1 (first gap phase) of cell cycle (4)

A

growth and normal metabolic roles

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12
Q

explain S (synthesis phase) of cell cycle

A

DNA replication

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13
Q

explain G2 (second gap phase) of cell cycle (4)

A

growth and preparation for mitosis

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14
Q

what is interphase made up of

A

G1 - 2 - G2

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15
Q
A

In a normal human cell there are 46 chromosomes, also
called 23 pairs of chromosomes
In a cell in S phase, each chromosome doubles it’s DNA,
forming 2 chromatids, joined by a centromere
A DIPLOID cell has the full complement of chromosomes, a
HAPLOID cell has half

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16
Q
A

G1 phase (gap phase 1)
- growth & normal
cellular activity

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17
Q
A

S phase (synthetic phase)
- DNA replication
- 6-8 hours

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18
Q
A

G2 phase (gap phase 2)
brief, final preparation
for cell division
3-4 hours

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19
Q

prophase (4) (first part)

A

chromosomes condense and become visible
- nuclear membrane disappears
- mitotic spindle starts to form from centrioles

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20
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on equator
the spindle is fully formed

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21
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes split at centromeres

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22
Q

Telophase

A

decondensation of chromatin
reformation of nuclear envelope
- cytokinesis

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23
Q

plasma membrane of cell

A

outer boundary of the cell, lipid bilayer (polar/non-polar) + proteins

highly dynamic and fluid structure

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24
Q

how is the phospholipid bilayer fluid in nature

A

because of chlorestrol, which is imbedded within the phospholipid bilayer, gives it a lot of its fluidity

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25
Q
A

Control centre of the cell
- control is mediated via
the DNA

nuclear envelope

chromatin

nucleolus

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26
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • double-membrane
  • nuclear pores
  • outer membrane is
    continuous with Rough ER
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27
Q

chromatin (4)

A
  • DNA / histone proteins
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28
Q

nucleolus

A
  • produces ribosomes
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29
Q

rough ER

A
  • cisternae/lamellae (sheets)
  • studded with ribosomes
    (protein/RNA subunits)
  • Site of protein synthesis
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30
Q

smooth (4)

A

tubular network (remember this 1)
steroid synthesis
- cholesterol synthesis
- drug metabolism

31
Q

first thing the mRNA will encounter when leaving nucleus is _______ (4) (4)

A

rough ER

32
Q

lysosomes

A

contain enzymes that “digest” unwanted molecules

33
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do (4)

A

transport and sort the proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

what does cis mean in cellular biology (4)

A

close to in terms of proximity

34
Q

what does trans mean in cellular biology

A

further way in terms of proximity

34
Q

golgi apparatus and glucose transport

A
35
Q

how can cells do bulk export (exocytosis)

A

secretory granule

36
Q

nucleus, RER, and golgi interactions (4, the last part)

A

Nucleus - DNA directs
protein synthesis by
transcribing DNA into RNA
* RER - site of
translation/protein
synthesis by ribosomes
* Protein transported
to Golgi apparatus
* Proteins processed,
exit within lysosomes
or secretory granules

37
Q

explain purpose of mitochrondia

A

Inner/Outer membranes
- form cristae
- high surface area

38
Q

explain membrane of mitochondria

A

provides the energy
supply for the cell
* energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)

39
Q

cellular inclusions (4)

A

miscellanous components of cell

40
Q

name some cellular inclusions (4)

A

pigments (e.g. melanocytes of the skin)

glycogen (e.g. liver cells)

lipid droplets (e.g. in fat cells)

41
Q

cell projections

A

microvilli

cilia

42
Q

microvilli

A

Increase the surface area
of a cell
Commonly involved in
absorption
Microfilaments for rigidity

43
Q

cilia (4 last part)

A

Used for moving material along
(motility)
More rare
Microtubules for strength
Attached to a basal body

44
Q

three man types of cytoskeletal structures

A

microfilaments (tinnest)
intermediate filaments (give the cell strength, they are thicker than microfilaments)
microtubules (like the train tracks for movement of molecules around the cell)

45
Q

cell-cell connections

A
  1. tight junction
46
Q

tight junction

A

intimate association
between membranes
of adjacent cells
-
* prevents substances
passing between cells,
forces them to go
through cells
* prominent in epithelial
cells (eg, lining the gut)

47
Q

desmosome (4)

A

spot welding
providing attachment
strength linking
two cells
* Intermediate filaments
provide strength
* prominent in skin cells

48
Q

gap junction (4)

A

“channels connecting
cytoplasm of two cells
proteins called
“connexins
prominent in cells
that work together
(eg, smooth muscle)

49
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of atoms or small molecules from
an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, such that an equal and uniform
concentration is achieved

50
Q

osmosis

A

is through a semi-permeable membrane (meaning that water can enter cell)

51
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution that has a greater amount of solute than the solution you are comparing it to

52
Q

hypotonic

A

a solution that has a lesser amount of solute than the solution you are comparing it to

53
Q

three main transport mechanisms (4)

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport

54
Q

what can move through diffusion (4)

A

steroid hormones and water

55
Q

facilitated diffusion (4) (4)

A

have a concentration gradient but the molecule cant get in because its incompatible with the environment of the membrane

does require a channel protein, but doesn’t require energy, but is also limited by the amount of components doing this facilitated diffusion

56
Q

what is a rate limiting factor for facilitated diffusion

A

amount of channel proteins in membrane

57
Q

active transport (4)

A

carrier-mediated
* energy required (from ATP)
* enables transport AGAINST
a concentration gradient
* eg: amino acids, ions

58
Q

carrier vs channel protein

A

carrier will change shape when the molecule moves through but the channel is just open or shut and the shape doesn’t change whether or not a molecule is moving through

Channel Proteins: do NOT change
conformation when
molecule passes through
Passive transport

Carrier Proteins: change of conformation
when molecule passes
through
Active OR passive transport

59
Q

sodium potassium pump carrier

A
  1. used to pump Na+ out of the cell against a concentration gradient
    • ATP energy is used to force the Na+ out of the cell
      *The pump protein changes conformation allowing K+ to
      bind
  3. the K binds
  4. the K+ is imported passively (no energy required)
  5. the cycle resumes
60
Q

vesicular transport

A

exocytosis: explusion of bulk molecules from a cell

endocytosis: bringing in of bulk molecules into a cell

61
Q

what are receptors (4)

A

integral membrane proteisn, but they do not do transport molecuels acvross the membrane

receptors are required to ‘signal’ to the cell interior that a molecule is docked on the outside of the cell

61
Q

two types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis:

phagocytosis:

62
Q

cell signalling

A

cell signalling is a part of a complex system of cell communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions

63
Q

ligand

A

is a signal that is bound by a receptor

the shape of a receptor only matches the ligand that binds it

64
Q

two types of hormones

A

steroid hormones
peptide hormones

65
Q

steroid hormones

A

bind intercellular receptors
e.g. estrogen, testosterone, cortisol

66
Q

peptide hormones

A

bind membrane receptors
e.g. oxytocin, insulin, growth hormones

67
Q

exocrine signalling

A

signalling/secreting to ducts/lumens and outside the body

exocrine glands:- salivary, sweat, gastrointestinal

contrast to endocrine signalling into the bloodstream where the target of signals is inside the body

68
Q

the membrane of a resting cell is what

A

polarised (i.e. it is negative inside relative to outside)

69
Q

electrical signal passes along the cell by a wave of + charge ion transport

A
70
Q

Electrical Signals: controlling
channels by electricity

A

The sodium gate is a channel protein that is responsible for
propagating an electrical signal down a neuron. It opens in
response to a voltage change

Both The potassium gate AND the sodium/potassium
pump restore the resting membrane potential

71
Q
A

Electrical signaling involves changing the
resting membrane potential (eg, depolarization)
* Local depolarization
action potential
(if magnitude of depolarization large enough)
Action potentials are a propagation of the
depolarization

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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