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Human Bio I Flashcards > Organic Chemistry from Uni > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry from Uni Flashcards

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1
Q

e fuck you whats a constitutional isomer, actual spastic honestly

A

compounds with same chemical formula but different order of attachment

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2
Q

in organic compounds what does prefix show

A

number of carbons in parent chain

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3
Q

in organic compounds what does infix show

A

nature of the bonding in the parent chain

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4
Q

in organic compounds what does suffix show

A

the functional group(s) present in the compound

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5
Q

infix -an-

A

all single bonds

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6
Q

infix -en-

A

one or more double bonds

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7
Q

infix -yn-

A

one or more triple bonds

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8
Q

constitutional isomerism

A

different compounds that have the same molecular formula

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

conformation

A

any 3 dimensional arragnement of atoms in a molecule that results in rotation about a single bond

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11
Q

eclipsed and staggered

A

eclipsed has steric repulsion

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12
Q

steric repulsion

A
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13
Q

what is a functional group

A

Additional atom or groups of atoms (containing elements in addition to H and C) found on a mostly hydrocarbon molecule

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14
Q

alcohol functional group

A

All alcohols contain the –OH group, these are attached to a carbon atom
Called Hydroxyl functional group

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15
Q

how are alcohols classifyed

A

Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) or tertiary (3°) depending on
how many C’s are attached to the carbon bearing the OH group (CH3OH is a
special case)

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16
Q

other functional groups containing double bonds

A

hydroxyl = alcohols
carbonyl = aldehydes and ketones
carboxyl = carboxylic acids

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17
Q

The Carbonyl Group

A

Aldehydes and ketones both contain the same functional group, the carbonyl
group (C=O), but they differ in the way that the carbonyl group is bonded to the rest of the molecule.

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18
Q
A

The functional group found in all Carboxylic Acids is the carboxyl group (—COOH). Acetic acid

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19
Q

no total valence electrons

A

NF3 = [1 x N (5e-)] + [3 x F (7e-)] = 5 + 21 = 26 valence
electrons

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20
Q

special properties of carbon

A
  1. forms strong bonds with many other elements and with itself. 2. has a variety of bonding modes - allows great structural variation.
  2. can combine to form chains and rings of carbon and other atoms.
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21
Q

alkane definiton

A

Alkane definition: A saturated hydrocarbon whose carbon atoms are arranged in an open chain (SH) only C-C single bonds. Nomenclature (ane: ending)

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22
Q

Constitutional Isomerism

A

Different compounds that have the same molecular formula For the hydrocarbons CH4 or C2H6 only one isomer is possible however,

Structural isomers = Constitutional Isomer

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23
Q

staggerred confimration

A

The staggered conformation is the most stable conformation because the
less –ve and –ve bond repulsion

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24
Q
A

Cyclolhexane is not a completely inflexible it can be twisted into two main
conformations: boat and chair.

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25
Q
A

The chair conformation is the most stable, why?

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26
Q
A

Both have 109.5
Deg C-bond angles

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27
Q
A

In the chair conformation, exists two types of positions the hydrogen atom can be in, one where the hydrogen is axial (perpendicular to the ring) and one where the hydrogen is equatorial (in the plane of the ring)

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28
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

alkanes

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29
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes, alkynes, arenes

30
Q

alkanes carbon-carbon bonding

A

only carbon-carbon single bonds

31
Q

alkenes carbon-carbon bonding

A

one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

32
Q

alkynes carbon-carbon bonding

A

one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

33
Q

arenes carbon-carbon bonding

A

one or more benzene-like rings

34
Q
A

NO, the carbon-carbon double bond restricts rotation (because of the additional
p-Bonding) and alkenes in this position are in a fixed conformation

35
Q

stereoisomers (theyre spacial isomers (3D orientation))

A

Compounds with two different groups on each carbon attached to the double bond
have cis
-trans isomers. These isomers are grouped into a class of compounds
called stereoisomers: same atom connectivity but a different orientation in space

36
Q
A

Cis-Trans isomers require each carbon is bonded to two different groups, and that
the two carbons in the double bond have at least one substituent in common

37
Q
A

The cis
& trans designation does not work when all substituents
on the double bond are different
The substituents are assigned a priority based on atomic weight:

38
Q

Zusammen means what

A

means together

39
Q

Entgegen means what

A

means opposite

40
Q

what is E and Z-configurations priority based on

A

E and Z-configurations priority is based on atomic number
* Or at the first point of difference:

41
Q

Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond

A
42
Q

Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, HCl

A

hydrochloronation

43
Q

Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, H20

A

hydration

44
Q

Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, Br2

A

bromination

45
Q

Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, H2

A

hydrogenation

46
Q

Electrophiles

A

(electron deficient)- contain an atom with a positive or partial
positive charge:
H-Cl, H-Br, H-I, H

2O all contain hydrogens with partial positive charges

47
Q

Nucleophiles

A

(electron rich)- contain an atom with a negative charge or lone
pair of electrons:
The double bond in an alkene is a nucleophile.

48
Q

regioselective definition

A

The reaction is regioselective: “A reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all others”

49
Q
A
50
Q

The regioselectivity can be explained with respect to Carbocation stability

A
51
Q

Hydrogenation

A

catalytic reduction of alkenes

52
Q

Syn-addition

A

(hydrogens add to same side) – cis product results

53
Q
A

Catalysts adsorbs hydrogen and alkene onto the surface and is an
Exothermic process.

54
Q

Resonance energy:

A

The difference in energy between a resonance hybrid and most stable
hypothetical contributing structure
Dramatic effect on reactivity.

55
Q

alkynes

A

Contain a C≡C triple bond, also called acetylenes

56
Q

Amines

A

Amines are derivatives of ammonia, - one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (R)

Replace the suffix -e of the parent alkane with –amine.

57
Q

what does Primary, secondary, tertiary (1o, 2o, 3o) refer to in animes

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary (1o, 2o, 3o) refer to the degree of substitution on
the nitrogen.

58
Q
A

The larger the hydrocarbon component becomes the less soluble in water
the amine is. The opposite can be said for amines solubility in organic solvents

59
Q

isomers

A

different compounds with
the same molecular formula:
bonds would have to be broken
and reformed to convert from
one to another

60
Q

sterioisomers

A

isomers with the same order
of attachment of atoms, but a
different orientation of their
atoms in space

61
Q

constitutional isomers

A

isomers with a different
order of attachment
of their atoms

62
Q

Diastereomers

A

stereoisomers that
are not mirror images

63
Q

Enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are
nonsuperimposable
mirror images of each other

64
Q

chiral definition

A

Molecule or object that is not superimposable on its mirror image is chiral

Chiral: any object that is not superposable on its mirror image
Example: your hands

65
Q

Enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images

66
Q
A

Enantiomers have the same boiling point, melting point and solubility.
Each enantiomer reacts differently towards other chiral molecules.

67
Q

requirement for a molecules to be chiral

A

For a molecule to be chiral first it must have a Stereogenic center

68
Q

what is a steriogenic centre

A

Stereogenic center: a carbon atom bearing four different substituents.

69
Q

definition

A

Achiral: any object that is superimposable on their mirror image

Example: your socks

70
Q

Diastereoisomers

A

2n where n is the number of stereogenic centres

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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