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Organic Chemistry from Uni Flashcards

1
Q

e fuck you whats a constitutional isomer, actual spastic honestly

A

compounds with same chemical formula but different order of attachment

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2
Q

in organic compounds what does prefix show

A

number of carbons in parent chain

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3
Q

in organic compounds what does infix show

A

nature of the bonding in the parent chain

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4
Q

in organic compounds what does suffix show

A

the functional group(s) present in the compound

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5
Q

infix -an-

A

all single bonds

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6
Q

infix -en-

A

one or more double bonds

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7
Q

infix -yn-

A

one or more triple bonds

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8
Q

constitutional isomerism

A

different compounds that have the same molecular formula

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

conformation

A

any 3 dimensional arragnement of atoms in a molecule that results in rotation about a single bond

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11
Q

eclipsed and staggered

A

eclipsed has steric repulsion

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12
Q

steric repulsion

A
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13
Q

what is a functional group

A

Additional atom or groups of atoms (containing elements in addition to H and C) found on a mostly hydrocarbon molecule

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14
Q

alcohol functional group

A

All alcohols contain the –OH group, these are attached to a carbon atom
Called Hydroxyl functional group

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15
Q

how are alcohols classifyed

A

Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) or tertiary (3°) depending on
how many C’s are attached to the carbon bearing the OH group (CH3OH is a
special case)

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16
Q

other functional groups containing double bonds

A

hydroxyl = alcohols
carbonyl = aldehydes and ketones
carboxyl = carboxylic acids

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17
Q

The Carbonyl Group

A

Aldehydes and ketones both contain the same functional group, the carbonyl
group (C=O), but they differ in the way that the carbonyl group is bonded to the rest of the molecule.

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18
Q
A

The functional group found in all Carboxylic Acids is the carboxyl group (—COOH). Acetic acid

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19
Q

no total valence electrons

A

NF3 = [1 x N (5e-)] + [3 x F (7e-)] = 5 + 21 = 26 valence
electrons

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20
Q

special properties of carbon

A
  1. forms strong bonds with many other elements and with itself. 2. has a variety of bonding modes - allows great structural variation.
  2. can combine to form chains and rings of carbon and other atoms.
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21
Q

alkane definiton

A

Alkane definition: A saturated hydrocarbon whose carbon atoms are arranged in an open chain (SH) only C-C single bonds. Nomenclature (ane: ending)

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22
Q

Constitutional Isomerism

A

Different compounds that have the same molecular formula For the hydrocarbons CH4 or C2H6 only one isomer is possible however,

Structural isomers = Constitutional Isomer

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23
Q

staggerred confimration

A

The staggered conformation is the most stable conformation because the
less –ve and –ve bond repulsion

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24
Q
A

Cyclolhexane is not a completely inflexible it can be twisted into two main
conformations: boat and chair.

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25
The chair conformation is the most stable, why?
26
Both have 109.5 Deg C-bond angles
27
In the chair conformation, exists two types of positions the hydrogen atom can be in, one where the hydrogen is axial (perpendicular to the ring) and one where the hydrogen is equatorial (in the plane of the ring)
28
saturated hydrocarbons
alkanes
29
unsaturated hydrocarbons
alkenes, alkynes, arenes
30
alkanes carbon-carbon bonding
only carbon-carbon single bonds
31
alkenes carbon-carbon bonding
one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
32
alkynes carbon-carbon bonding
one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
33
arenes carbon-carbon bonding
one or more benzene-like rings
34
NO, the carbon-carbon double bond restricts rotation (because of the additional p-Bonding) and alkenes in this position are in a fixed conformation
35
stereoisomers (theyre spacial isomers (3D orientation))
Compounds with two different groups on each carbon attached to the double bond have cis -trans isomers. These isomers are grouped into a class of compounds called stereoisomers: same atom connectivity but a different orientation in space
36
Cis-Trans isomers require each carbon is bonded to two different groups, and that the two carbons in the double bond have at least one substituent in common
37
The cis & trans designation does not work when all substituents on the double bond are different The substituents are assigned a priority based on atomic weight:
38
Zusammen means what
means together
39
Entgegen means what
means opposite
40
what is E and Z-configurations priority based on
E and Z-configurations priority is based on atomic number * Or at the first point of difference:
41
Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond
42
Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, HCl
hydrochloronation
43
Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, H20
hydration
44
Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, Br2
bromination
45
Addition of the reagent across the alkene double bond, H2
hydrogenation
46
Electrophiles
(electron deficient)- contain an atom with a positive or partial positive charge: H-Cl, H-Br, H-I, H 2O all contain hydrogens with partial positive charges
47
Nucleophiles
(electron rich)- contain an atom with a negative charge or lone pair of electrons: The double bond in an alkene is a nucleophile.
48
regioselective definition
The reaction is regioselective: “A reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all others”
49
50
The regioselectivity can be explained with respect to Carbocation stability
51
Hydrogenation
catalytic reduction of alkenes
52
Syn-addition
(hydrogens add to same side) – cis product results
53
Catalysts adsorbs hydrogen and alkene onto the surface and is an Exothermic process.
54
Resonance energy:
The difference in energy between a resonance hybrid and most stable hypothetical contributing structure Dramatic effect on reactivity.
55
alkynes
Contain a C≡C triple bond, also called acetylenes
56
Amines
Amines are derivatives of ammonia, - one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group (R) Replace the suffix -e of the parent alkane with –amine.
57
what does Primary, secondary, tertiary (1o, 2o, 3o) refer to in animes
Primary, secondary, tertiary (1o, 2o, 3o) refer to the degree of substitution on the nitrogen.
58
The larger the hydrocarbon component becomes the less soluble in water the amine is. The opposite can be said for amines solubility in organic solvents
59
isomers
different compounds with the same molecular formula: bonds would have to be broken and reformed to convert from one to another
60
sterioisomers
isomers with the same order of attachment of atoms, but a different orientation of their atoms in space
61
constitutional isomers
isomers with a different order of attachment of their atoms
62
Diastereomers
stereoisomers that are not mirror images
63
Enantiomers
stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
64
chiral definition
Molecule or object that is not superimposable on its mirror image is chiral Chiral: any object that is not superposable on its mirror image Example: your hands
65
Enantiomers
stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images
66
Enantiomers have the same boiling point, melting point and solubility. Each enantiomer reacts differently towards other chiral molecules.
67
requirement for a molecules to be chiral
For a molecule to be chiral first it must have a Stereogenic center
68
what is a steriogenic centre
Stereogenic center: a carbon atom bearing four different substituents.
69
definition
Achiral: any object that is superimposable on their mirror image Example: your socks
70
Diastereoisomers
2n where n is the number of stereogenic centres

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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