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Science > Turn Up The Heat Yearly > Flashcards

Turn Up The Heat Yearly Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a isotope

A

Atoms with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons

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2
Q

What are protons and neutrons held together by

A

Strong nuclear force

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3
Q

What happens when there are two many neutrons in the nuecleus

A

The atom becomes unstable and radioactive and begins to decay until stable

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4
Q

What is the rate that a atom decays at called

A

Half life

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5
Q

Explain the process of half life

A

half of the radioactive material decays and the other part takes twice as long

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6
Q

What isotope do they use in Radiocarbon dating

A

Carbon 14

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7
Q

What is radio carbon dating

A

The process of determining how old an organic relic is

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8
Q

How do they measure the age of something with radiocarbon dating

A

They scan for the amount of carbon 14 there is in a relic

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9
Q

How is carbon-14 made

A

Produced in the earths atmosphere when cosmic rays strike nitrogen-14 atoms

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10
Q

Why do they use carbon-14 in radio carbon dating living relics

A

All living things absorb carbon-14

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11
Q

How do you date a rock

A

By analysing the decay of uranium in zircon which is commonly found in rocks

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12
Q

The three main types of radiation

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
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13
Q

What happens during the decaying process

A

The substance releases energy in the form of nuclear energy

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14
Q

What is background radiation

A

A low level of radiation that surrounds us

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15
Q

Where does background radiation come from

A
  • Cosmic radiation from the sun
  • Decay of isotopes in the earths crust
  • Radiation from materials
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16
Q

What is ionising rafiation

A

A type of radiation that pulls electrons from nearby atoms molecules and turns them into ions.

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17
Q

What can long term low dose radiation exposure cause

A
  • DNA damage

- Cancer and tumour growth

18
Q

What can short term high doses of radiation cause

A
  • Burns
  • Nausea
  • Death
  • Destruction of bone marrow and blood cells
19
Q

The affects of radiation on the human body depends on(7)

A
  • Mass of the person
  • Amount/period of exposure
  • Type of radiation
  • The radioactive material
  • The rate that it is received
  • Presences of shielding material
  • Distance from radiation source
20
Q

Characteristics of an alpha particle(6)

A
  • Shoots out helium nuclei
  • Slowest type radiation
  • Easily blocked
  • Harmless outside of the body
  • Dangerous if consumed
  • Produced by heavier radioactive elements
21
Q

The Characteristics of beta particles(5)

A
  • Fast moving electrons
  • Smaller than alpha particles
  • Travel at 99% of the speed of light
  • Can penetrate human skin but not metal or wood
  • Produced by lighter radioactive particles
22
Q

The characteristics of gamma rays(7)

A
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Waves not particles
  • No mass
  • Travel at the speed of light
  • Can go through everything
  • Cause serious permanent damage to living tissue and DNA
  • Produced when alpha and beta particles are made
23
Q

How to block gamma rays

A

Need to have a thick shield preferably concrete or lead

24
Q

What a some medical uses for radiation(2)

A
  • Diagnosing diseases

- Radio therapy

25
Q

The process that it takes help diagnose disease with radiation(5)

A
  • Radioisotopes are injected or drunks
  • Take a PET scan
  • Radioisotopes is absorbed by tumours of tissue cell
  • Gamma rays are emitted from radioisotopes
  • PET scan detects rays
26
Q

What does PET stand for

A

Position emission topography

27
Q

What is radiotherapy

A

The use of of radiation to kill cancer cells or prevent them from spreading

28
Q

Is radiotherapy safe to used on people

A

Yes as it the radiation can be targeted so that damage is minimalised

29
Q

What are the two types of of radiotherapy

A
  • External

- Internal/brachy therapy

30
Q

Procedure of external radiotherapy (3)

A
  • Radiation is directed at the cancer
  • Each beam strikes the tumour from different directions
  • Tumour is blasted with large amount of radiation
31
Q

Procedure of internal radio therapy(2)

A
  • radioisotopes are placed inside the body near the site of the cancer
  • The radioisotopes destroy the cancer
32
Q

How does a smoke alarm work(3)

A
  • Smoke particles go into the alarms ionisation chamber
  • latch on to the positive ions disrupting the current
  • Siren sounds
33
Q

How to irradiate food(2)

A

Food is exposed to ionising radiation

Kills pest bacteria and food vitamins

34
Q

Why would you irradiate food

A

To preserve it

35
Q

What is a nuclear reaction

A

It is when a nucleus of an atom interacts with another nucleus or a nucleus particle and creates a new atom and energy is released.

36
Q

What is nuclear fission

A

Nuclear fission is when atoms split to form smaller nuclei of smaller atoms which releases radiation heat which can be used for energy

37
Q

What is nuclear fusion

A

It is when two small nuclei combine to form larger nuclei which releases energy

38
Q

What things must be achieved for nuclear fusion to happen

A

It must be millions of degrees for fusion to occur

39
Q

How do nuclear power stations work(4)

A
  • Uranium-235 is splits at the bottom of a body of water and energy is created
  • the energy creates steam
  • the steam is used to spin turbines which are connected to a electrical generator
  • the generator creates kinetic energy which turns into electrical energy
40
Q

Pros of using nuclear energy

A

Fuel is easy to access
No greenhouse gases
Efficient source of energy

41
Q

Cons of using nuclear energy

A

Costs
Safety concerns (water and food chain contamination )
Radiation
Nuclear waste management

42
Q

List some nuclear accidents

A
  • Chernobyl 1986:power plant explosion

- Fukushima 2011:earthquake and tsunami destroy power plant

Science (18 decks)

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