Tumour Pathology Flashcards
What is a benign glandular tumour called?
An adenoma
What is a malignant glandular tumour called?
An adeno-carcinoma
What is a benign squamous epithelial tumour called?
A Squamous papilloma
What is a malignant squamous epithelial tumour called?
A Squamous carcinoma
What is a benign bone tumour called?
An osteoma
What is a malignant bone tumour called?
An osteo-sarcoma
What is a benign fat tumour called?
A Lipoma
What is a malignant fat tumour called?
A Lipo-sarcoma
What is a benign tumour of fibrous tissue called?
A Fibroma
What is a malignant tumour of fibrous tissue called?
A fibro-sarcoma
What is a malignant tumour of white blood cells called?
Leukemia
What is a malignant tumour of Lymphoid tissue called?
Lymphoma
What are tumours of germ cells called?
Teratomas
What happens when there is a local spread of tumours?
Tumours invade surrounding connective tissue and then invades lymph/blood vessels
What happens when there is a lymphatic spread of tumours?
Tumours adhere to lymph vessels, penetrate them and then pass to lymph nodes
What happens when there is a blood spread of tumours?
Tumour cells invade blood cells and then eventually tissues before forming secondary tumours
What happens when there is a trans-coelomic spread of tumours?
Tumour cells spread across body cavities
What is dysplasia?
A pre-malignant change which can indicate that a tumour is becoming malignant.
Where is dysplasia identified?
In the epithelium without invasion
How do cells become disorganised in dysplasia?
Increased nuclear size
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitosises
What is the order of the stages in the cell cycle?
G1-S-G2-M
What is carcinogenesis?
The production of cancer cells caused by the mutation of genetic material
What happens when the cyclin pRb pathway is mutated?
Uncontrolled cell proliferation
What happens when the p53 pathway is mutated?
Cell continues to divide even if the cell has been damaged, so the damage is carried on in the new cells.
What does the Human Papilloma virus cause?
Cervical cancer
How do alkylating agents fight cancer?
Binding guanine bases covalently to prevent DNA replication
How do Antimetabolites fight cancer?
Integrate into nuclear material or bind irreversibly to vital enzymes to prevent division
How do Vinca Alkaloids fight cancer?
Prevent metaphase by preventing spindle formation
How do Taxanes fight cancer?
Promote spindles then freeze them
How do Antimitotic Antibiotics fight cancer?
Prevent DNA and RNA synthesis
