Tumour Pathology

Question 1

What is a benign glandular tumour called?

Answer 1

An adenoma

Question 2

What is a malignant glandular tumour called?

Answer 2

An adeno-carcinoma

Question 3

What is a benign squamous epithelial tumour called?

Answer 3

A Squamous papilloma

Question 4

What is a malignant squamous epithelial tumour called?

Answer 4

A Squamous carcinoma

Question 5

What is a benign bone tumour called?

Answer 5

An osteoma

Question 6

What is a malignant bone tumour called?

Answer 6

An osteo-sarcoma

Question 7

What is a benign fat tumour called?

Answer 7

A Lipoma

Question 8

What is a malignant fat tumour called?

Answer 8

A Lipo-sarcoma

Question 9

What is a benign tumour of fibrous tissue called?

Answer 9

A Fibroma

Question 10

What is a malignant tumour of fibrous tissue called?

Answer 10

A fibro-sarcoma

Question 11

What is a malignant tumour of white blood cells called?

Answer 11

Leukemia

Question 12

What is a malignant tumour of Lymphoid tissue called?

Answer 12

Lymphoma

Question 13

What are tumours of germ cells called?

Answer 13

Teratomas

Question 14

What happens when there is a local spread of tumours?

Answer 14

Tumours invade surrounding connective tissue and then invades lymph/blood vessels

Question 15

What happens when there is a lymphatic spread of tumours?

Answer 15

Tumours adhere to lymph vessels, penetrate them and then pass to lymph nodes

Question 16

What happens when there is a blood spread of tumours?

Answer 16

Tumour cells invade blood cells and then eventually tissues before forming secondary tumours

Question 17

What happens when there is a trans-coelomic spread of tumours?

Answer 17

Tumour cells spread across body cavities

Question 18

What is dysplasia?

Answer 18

A pre-malignant change which can indicate that a tumour is becoming malignant.

Question 19

Where is dysplasia identified?

Answer 19

In the epithelium without invasion

Question 20

How do cells become disorganised in dysplasia?

Answer 20

Increased nuclear size
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitosises

Question 21

What is the order of the stages in the cell cycle?

Answer 21

G1-S-G2-M

Question 22

What is carcinogenesis?

Answer 22

The production of cancer cells caused by the mutation of genetic material

Question 23

What happens when the cyclin pRb pathway is mutated?

Answer 23

Uncontrolled cell proliferation

Question 24

What happens when the p53 pathway is mutated?

Answer 24

Cell continues to divide even if the cell has been damaged, so the damage is carried on in the new cells.

Question 25

What does the Human Papilloma virus cause?

Answer 25

Cervical cancer

Question 26

How do alkylating agents fight cancer?

Answer 26

Binding guanine bases covalently to prevent DNA replication

Question 27

How do Antimetabolites fight cancer?

Answer 27

Integrate into nuclear material or bind irreversibly to vital enzymes to prevent division

Question 28

How do Vinca Alkaloids fight cancer?

Answer 28

Prevent metaphase by preventing spindle formation

Question 29

How do Taxanes fight cancer?

Answer 29

Promote spindles then freeze them

Question 30

How do Antimitotic Antibiotics fight cancer?

Answer 30

Prevent DNA and RNA synthesis