Tumour Pathology 2 COPY

Question 1

What are the altered genetic associated with cancer?

Answer 1

Loss of tumour suppressor genesGain of function of oncogenes

Question 2

What is the altered cellular function of cancer cells?

Answer 2

Tumour-related proteins

Question 3

Describe morphology

Answer 3

Abnormal

Question 4

Is there a unique feature specific to cancer cells?

Answer 4

No, but they are capable of independent growth

Question 5

Describe adhesion in cancer cells

Answer 5

Los of cell-to-cell adhesionAltered cell-to-matrix adhesion

Question 6

What are the tumour biomarkers?

Answer 6

Tumour-related proteins

Question 7

What are the different categories of tumour biomarkers?

Answer 7

Onco-fetal proteinsOncogenesGrowth factors and receptors

Question 8

What is the clinical utility of tumour biomarkers?

Answer 8

ScreeningDiagnosisPrognostic - identifying patients with a specific outcomePredictive - identifying patients who will respond to a particular therapy

Question 9

What is the biomarker for Teratoma of testis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer 9

Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 10

What is the biomarker for colorectal cancer?

Answer 10

Carcino-embryonic antigen

Question 11

What is the biomarker for Breast cancer?

Answer 11

Oestrogen receptor

Question 12

What is the biomarker for Prostate cancer?

Answer 12

Prostate specific antigen

Question 13

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for colorectal cancer?

Answer 13

kras

Question 14

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for lung cancer?

Answer 14

EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor

Question 15

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for breast cancer and gastric cancer?

Answer 15

Her2

Question 16

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for melanoma?

Answer 16

Braf

Question 17

What is the variation in size and shape of cancer cells referred to as?

Answer 17

Pleomorphism

Question 18

Is mitoses present in cancer cells?

Answer 18

Yes but is abnormal

Question 19

What is tumour growth a balance between?

Answer 19

Angiogenesis Apoptosis

Question 20

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 20

New blood vessel formation by tumours, required to sustain tumour growth

Question 21

What is the downside on human health brought about by angiogenesis?

Answer 21

Provides a route for release of tumour cells into circulation

Question 22

What is the relationship between blood vessels and prognosis?

Answer 22

More blood vessels -poorer prognosis

Question 23

What is involved in the response to chemo-radiotherapy?

Answer 23

Apoptosis

Question 24

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

Answer 24

Formation of metastatic (secondary) tumour

Question 25

What is the effect of metastasis on matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes?

Answer 25

Increased

Question 26

What is the effect of metastasis on cell-to-cell cell-to-matrix adhesion?

Answer 26

It is altered

Question 27

What are the various modes of spread of cancer?

Answer 27

LocalLymphaticBloodTrans-coelomic spread

Question 28

What is the intermediate tissue for tumour invasion of lymph/blood vessels?

Answer 28

Connective tissue

Question 29

What are the stages of metastasis via lymphatics?

Answer 29

Adherence of tumour cells to lymph vesselsInvasion from lymphaticsInvasion into lymph nodesFormation of metastasis in lymph nodeClinical evidence of metastasis

Question 30

What are the stages of metastasis via blood?

Answer 30

Same process but substituting the lymph vessels with blood vessels

Question 31

What is Trans-coelomic spread?

Answer 31

Spread of tumour cells across the body cavitiesPleural or peritoneal cavities

Question 32

Which organs show a Trans-coelomic spread?

Answer 32

Lung, stomach, colon and ovary

Question 33

What are the common sites of metastasis?

Answer 33

Liver, lung, brain, bone (axial skeleton)Adrenal gland

Question 34

What are the uncommon sites for metastasis?

Answer 34

Spleen, kidney, skeletal muscles, heartRelates to blood flow and the environmental factors of each organ

Question 35

Where do breast? prostate? and colorectal cancer often metastasis to?

Answer 35

BoneBoneLiver