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All you need to know and more > Principles of Immunisation COPY > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What can adaptive immunity be referred to as

A

Acquired immunity

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2
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity

A

Provides immediate protection

Acts as a quick fix

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity

A

No immunological memory
May cause serum sickness
Graft (cell graft) vs host disease

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4
Q

What is serum sickness

A

The incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis

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5
Q

What is graft vs host disease

A

The incoming immune cells reject the recipient

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6
Q

Describe the process of passive immunity

A

Serum (antbodies) from immune individual administered to uninfected individual
infection challenged by serum admiistered

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7
Q

Does passive immunity provide specificity

A

Yes

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8
Q

Describe the process of active immunity

A

Exposure to microbial antigen through a vaccine or infection

Infection challenged over days or weeks

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9
Q

What does active immunity provide

A

Specificity

Immunological memory

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10
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity

A

Maternal immunoglobulins transferred to the foetus or neonate naturally using a specialised mechanism involving neonatal Fc receptors

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11
Q

What is an example of artificial passive immunity

A

The passive infusion of antibodies specific for the toxin (e.g. snake/spider bites or scorpion/fish stings)

Post-exposure prophylaxis

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12
Q

How does natural active immunity occur

A

Through exposure or infection

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13
Q

How does artificial active immunity occur

A

Through vaccination

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14
Q

Define vaccination

A

Administration of antigenic material (vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

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15
Q

What are common diseases vaccinated against

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

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16
Q

What can measles result in

A

Rash

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17
Q

What can mumps lead to

A

Meningitis

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18
Q

Name the types of active immunisation vaccines available

A

Killed (inactivated) whole organism
Live attenuated whole organism
Subunit (purified antigen) vaccine
Toxoid (modified inactivated toxin)

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19
Q

Describe the killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccine

A

The target organism (e.g. polio) is killed

Viruses must be effectively heat killed as any live virus can result in vaccine-related disease

20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccines

A

Effective and relatively easy to manufacture

Booster shots likely to be required

21
Q

Give examples of killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccines

A

Whole-cell pertussis (wP)

Inactivated polio virus (IPV)

22
Q

Describe live attenuated whole organism vaccines

A

An avirulent strain of the target organism is isolated to stimulate the natural infection causing it to revert back to the virulent form

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated whole organism

A

Very powerful method
Better than killed whole organism vaccine

Requires vaccination

24
Q

Give examples of live attenuated whole organism

A 
TB (BCG)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
25
Describe subunit (purified antigen) vaccines
Uses recombinant proteins | Therefore it introduces the antigen to the immune system but not the viral particles
26
What are the advantages and disadvantages of subunit (purified antigen) vaccines
Very safe Easy to standardise Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant
27
Give examples of subunit (purified antigen) vaccines
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Human papilloma virus (HPV) proteins Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
28
Describe toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines
The toxin is treated with formalin so the toxoid can retain antigenicity with no toxin activity
29
What are the disadvantages of toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines
It only provides immunity against the toxin and not the organism that produces it
30
Give examples of toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines
``` Tetanus toxoid (TT) Diphtheria toxoid ```
31
At the age of 2 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required
``` Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Haemophilis influenzae type b Streptococcus pneumoniae Rotavirus ```
32
At the age of 12-13 months what vaccinations are required
Haemophilis influenzae type b Neisseria meningitidis C MMR Streptococcus pneumoniae
33
At the age of 3 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required
``` Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Haemophilis influenzae type b Rotavirus Neisseria meningitidis C ```
34
At the age of 4 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required
``` Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Haemophilis influenzae type b Streptococcus pneumoniae ```
35
What vaccination is required at the age to 2/3/4 years
Influenza
36
What vaccinations are required >3 years 4 months
``` Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio MMR ```
37
What vaccine do females only get between the age of 12-13
HPV
38
What vaccinations are given between the ages of 13-18
Diphtheria Tetanus Polio Neisseria meningitidis C
39
Who is given the BCG vaccination
Children who are more likely to come into contact with TB
40
Who is given the hepatitis B vaccination
Children with a Hep B positive mother
41
What vaccinations may travellers need to be given
``` Hepititis A Typhoid Cholera Yellow fever Japanese encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis Rabies Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135, Y ```
42
What types of contraindications to vaccinations are there
Temporary | Permanent
43
Name 2 temporary contraindications to vaccinations
Febrile illness | Pregnancy (cannot be given live attenuated vaccines)
44
Name 2 permanent contraindications to vaccinations
Allergy | Immunocompromised (cannot be given live attenuated vaccines as they may develop disease from the vaccine strain)
45
What is herd immunity
The individual who receives the vaccine is protected and less likely to be a source of infection to others This reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection Individuals who cannot be vaccinated are still able to benefit from the routine vaccination programme
46
Give an example of herd immunity
Babies under 2 months are too young to be immunised and are at the greatest risk of dying from whooping cough They are believed to be protected as their older sibling and other children have been immunised and will not be able to pass on the infection

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