Drug Therapy : Drug Delivery Systems Flashcards
<p>What are different kinds of drug delivery?</p>
<p>Oral</p>
<p>Intravenous (IV)</p>
<p>Transdermal</p>
<p>Carrier based</p>
<p>What are different forms of drugs that may be given to patients?</p>
<p>Tablets or capsules</p>
<p>Solutions or suspensions</p>
<p>Ointments and creams</p>
<p>Inhalation</p>
<p>Injections</p>
<p>Suppositories (insterted into rectum or vagina)</p>
<p>Pessaries (inserted into vagina)</p>
<p>What are soppositories?</p>
<p>Drugs that are inserted into the rectum or the vagina</p>
<p>What are pessaries?</p>
<p>Drugs that are inserted into the vagina</p>
<p>What are things that determine which drug delivery system to use?</p>
<p>Dose of the drug being given</p>
<p>Frequency of administration</p>
<p>Timing of administration</p>
<p>Disease being treated</p>
<p>What do we consider when deciding what dose to use?</p>
<p>Recommended dose</p>
<p>Impaired renal function</p>
<p>Impaired liver function</p>
<p>Age and weight</p>
<p>Disease to be treated</p>
<p>Drug toxicity</p>
<p>What is oral medication absorbed by?</p>
<p>The GI tract:</p>
<p></p>
<p>Buccal</p>
<p>Sublingual</p>
<p>Oral</p>
<p>Rectal</p>
<p>What are solutions and suspension useful for?</p>
<p>Giving medicine to the young, elderly and patients with swollowing difficulties</p>
<p>What is an advantage of using solutions or suspensions?</p>
<p>Absorbed extrememly rapidly</p>
<p>What does the absorption of solutions or suspensions depend on?</p>
<p>Gastric emptying and is more rapid from the small intestine</p>
<p>Where is absorption from solutions or suspensions most rapid from?</p>
<p>Small intestine</p>
<p>What is the rate limiting step for the absorption of tablets?</p>
<p>Dissolution (tablet breakdown)</p>
<p>What are the advantages of using tablets or capsules?</p>
<p>Convenience</p>
<p>Accuracy of dose</p>
<p>Reproducibility</p>
<p>Drug stability</p>
<p>Ease of mass production</p>
<p>What do enteric coated tablets do?</p>
<p>Delay the disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small instestine</p>
<p>Why would enteric coated tablets be used?</p>
<p>Protect the drug from stomach acid</p>
<p>Protect the stomach from the drug</p>
<p>What are prolonged release formulations useful for?</p>
<p>Most disorders required prolonged therapy</p>
<p>Maintains drug level within a therapeutic range</p>
<p>Reduces the need for frequent dosing</p>
<p>Compliance is improved</p>
<p>What kind of therapy do most disorders require?</p>
<p>Prolonged therapy</p>
<p>What are different kinds of prolonged release drugs?</p>
<p>Oral preparations</p>
<p>Parenteral preparations (intermuscular injections)</p>
<p>Surgical implants</p>
<p>What can you not do when using prolonged release drugs?</p>
<p>Swap someone from one form to another</p>
<p>What are prodrugs?</p>
<p>Synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which requires to be metabolically activated after administration</p>
<p>What are the advantages of using prodrugs?</p>
<p>Prolongation of duration of action</p>
<p>Avoidance of the drug in the gut</p>
<p>What are buccal and sublingual adminstration ideal for?</p>
<p>Drugs which have an extensive first pass metabolism</p>
<p>What are sublingual tablets?</p>
<p>Ones which dissolve slowly under the tongue</p>
<p>Who is the rectal route often used for?</p>
<p>Young</p>
<p>Old</p>
<p>Patients unable to swollow</p>
What is an advantage of using the rectal route?
Bypass first pass metabolism
How may drugs from the rectal route act?
Locally
Systematically
How do drugs from the vaginal route act?
Locally
What do drugs from the vaginal route include?
Creams
Pessaries
What do injection based drug delivery systems include?
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
What do injection based drugs provide?
Fast systematic effects by bypassing first pass metabolism
What can you say about the half life of injection based drugs?
Short half life
What is useful about the infusion on injection based drugs?
Can be infused continuously
What kinds of patents who are not able to swollow drugs can injection based drugs be given to?
Unconscious ones
When are drugs given intravaneously?
Rapid onset of action is required
Careful control of plasma level is required
Drug has a short half life
How may IV formulations be given?
Rapidly
Slowly (prevent toxic effects)
Continuous infusion to ensure acurate control
Why would an IV drug be infused slowly?
To prevent toxic effects
Why would an IV drug be infused continuously?
Ensure accurate control
What is an intramuscular injection?
Injection given into muscle mass
What is an advantage of intramuscular injection?
Allows more sustained duration of action up to months
What is a subcutaneous injection?
Injection applied under the skin
What is the advantage of a subcutaneous injection?
Bypass the nedd for venous access
What are transdermal drug delivery systems?
Adhesive patches containing the drug are applied to the skin where the drug then crosses the skin surface by diffusion and enters systematic circulation
What is an advantage of transdermal drug deliver systems?
Bypass first pass metabolism
What does inhalation drugs do?
Delivers drugs directly to the things for local effect or to achieve systematic effect
What is an advantage of inhalation drugs?
Rapid effect using smaller doses so less side effects
What does utilising carriers allow?
Small amounts of drugs to be administered and to be taken to where they are needed
What are examples of pharmaceutical carriers?
Micelles
Vesicles
Multifunctional dendritic polymers
Nanospheres
Nanocapsules
Liquid crystals
Why does the colour of a drug have an impact on its effect?
The placebo effect
