Introduction to immunology

Question 1

Describe the features of innate immunity

Answer 1

Non specific
No memory
Fast an immediate

Question 2

What type of cells are involved in innate immunity

Answer 2

Phagocytes

Mast cells

Question 3

Describe the features of adaptive immunity

Answer 3

slower
has immunological memory
Specific

Question 4

What type of cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Mainly antibodies produced by effector T cells which are differentiated T cells

Question 5

Describe active immunity

Answer 5

Protective immunity against pathogen induced through host’s own response to pathogen

Question 6

Describe passive immunity

Answer 6

Transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes specific for a pathogen giving immunity

Question 7

What are the types of WBC’s?

Answer 7

Basophils
Eosinophil
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Mast cells

Question 8

Describe neutrophils

Answer 8

Most common WBC
They track down, engulf and destroy pathogens
Contain granules that are filled with destructive enzyme

Question 9

Describe monocytes

Answer 9

Larger than neutrophils
Breakdown pathogens
Process antigen of pathogen and present to ab and Nk cells to produce specific immune response

Question 10

Describe eosinophil

Answer 10

Help combat parasitic infections
granules contain toxic enzymes
Involved in allergy + asthma

Question 11

Describe basophils

Answer 11

Found in parasitic infection
No proven function
Least common WBC

Question 12

Describe mast cells

Answer 12

Specific receptors for IgE antibodies

Contain granules that are toxic to host + parasite(histamine)

Question 13

Describe Cytokines

Answer 13

They bind to receptors producing cell signalling molecules
They are small proteins
Secreted by both immune + non immune cells in response to stimuli

Question 14

What are the key functions of of cytokins?

Answer 14

Differentiation
Activation
Chemotaxis
Enhancing cytotoxicity

Question 15

What are primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 15

Where lymphocytes are produced and mature

Question 16

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 16

Bone marrow

Thymus

Question 17

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 17

Places of activation of lymphocytes by pathogen

Question 18

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 18

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Question 19

What are the 2 classes of T lymphocytes?

Answer 19

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Helper T cells (CD4+)

Question 20

Describe cytotoxic T cells

Answer 20

They are T lymphocytes with CD8+ receptors
They kill the pathogen
TCR only recognise antigens bound to MHC(I)

Question 21

Describe Helper T cells

Answer 21

Contain CD4+ receptors

Cell surface = TCR, only recognises antigens bound to MHC(II)

Question 22

What are the types of helper T cells?

Answer 22

Th1, Th2, Th17, tfh

Question 23

Describe the function of Th1 Helper T cells

Answer 23

Macrophage activation

Question 24

Describe the function of Th2 Helper T cells

Answer 24

Eosinophil + MAST activation

Question 25

Describe the function of Th17 helper T cells

Answer 25

Involved in recruitment and neutrophil activation

Question 26

Describe the function of Thf cells

Answer 26

They are B cells. They produce antibodies. Dumbass

Question 27

Describe B cells

Answer 27

Produced and mature in bone marrow Produce antibodies Express B cell receptor (BCR) On activation, differentiated into plasma cells (responsible for abs production) with help of Th cells

Question 28

What are antibodies?

Answer 28

Proteins produced in immune response against specific antigens Involved in opsonisation

Question 29

What are the 5 classes of antibody?

Answer 29

``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```

Question 30

What is the function of IgM antibodies

Answer 30

First type produced in response to infection

Question 31

What is the function of IgG antibodies

Answer 31

Produced later on, passed via placenta to foetus

Question 32

What is the function of IgE antibodies

Answer 32

Involved in allergy | Produced against parasites

Question 33

What is the function of IgA antibodies

Answer 33

Protect mucosal surface + resistant to stomach acid

Question 34

What is the function of IgD antibodies

Answer 34

Literally no one knows. Including you

Question 35

What is the compliment system?

Answer 35

Group of proteins/factors found in blood

Question 36

What are the 3 pathways of the compliment system

Answer 36

Alternate Lectin Classical

Question 37

What is the result of compliment activation

Answer 37

Production activated in MAC