Introduction to Medical Microbiology 1 Flashcards
<p>What are possible infecting agents?</p>
<p></p>
<p>Bacteria</p>
<p>Viruses</p>
<p>Fungi</p>
<p>Parasites</p>
<p>Prions</p>
<p>What are the two areas of the body in terms of organisms?</p>
<p>Sterile and non-sterile</p>
<p>What is a sterile site?</p>
<p>One which normally does not have infection</p>
<p>What is a non-sterile sites?</p>
<p>One which has some degree of harmless infection, usually associated with the outside world</p>
<p>What are examples of sterile sites?</p>
<p>Blood</p>
<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p>
<p>Lung</p>
<p>Bladder</p>
<p>What are examples of non-sterile sites?</p>
<p>Skin</p>
<p>Nasopharynx</p>
<p>Urethra</p>
<p>Gut</p>
<p>Which kind of sites is easier to diagnose a harmful infection?</p>
<p>Sterile sites because you are not expecting to find anything there</p>
<p>What are some common speciments collected for bacterial culture?</p>
<p>Mid-stream urine (urinary tract infection)</p>
<p>Sputum (chest infection)</p>
<p>Throat swab (tonsillitis)</p>
<p>Swab or pus (wound or site of infection)</p>
<p>Faeces (diarrhoea)</p>
<p>Blood culture (bacteraemia)</p>
<p>Cerebro-spinal fluid (meningitis)</p>
<p>What are different ways of looking for pathogens?</p>
<p>Microscopy</p>
<p>Gram stain and microscopy</p>
<p>Bacterial culture</p>
<p>In what site does microscopy work well?</p>
<p>Sterile sites but not non-sterile sites</p>
<p>What can microscopes not see?</p>
<p>Viruses, they are too small</p>
<p>What can unstained microscopy see?</p>
<p>Pus cells (in urine)</p>
<p>Parasites (in faeces)</p>
<p>What is stained microscopy used to see?</p>
<p>Yeasts</p>
<p>Fungi</p>
<p>How can flourescent bacteria be seen?</p>
<p>By using flourescent staining such as auramine. such as for mycobacteria</p>
<p>What does gram staining identify?</p>
<p>Whether the bacteria is gram negative or gram positive</p>
<p>How does gram negative bacteria appear when gram staining?</p>
<p>Pale red</p>
<p>How does gram positive appear when gram staining?</p>
<p>Dark purple</p>
<p>What is an advantage of microscopy?</p>
<p>It is quick</p>
<p>What can gram staining not identify?</p>
<p>The specific speices present</p>
<p>What does gram staining not being 'sensitive' mean?</p>
<p>There needs to be lots of bacteria present for it to work</p>
<p>What are properties of bacterial culture?</p>
<p>It is slow</p>
<p>It is sensitive (do not need lots of bacteria)</p>
<p>What can be changed in a bacterial culture?</p>
<p>Culture conditions to promote the growth of certain species</p>
<p>What are things that can be controlled in a bacterial culture?</p>
<p>Type of media (selective/non-selective)</p>
<p>Atmosphere</p>
<p>Temperature</p>
<p>Duration of incubation</p>
<p>What are observable characteristics that can be used to identify a species?</p>
<p>Morphological</p>
<p>Physiological</p>
<p>Biochemical</p>
What distinguishes strains within a species?
Typing
How can viral infections be diagnosed?
Molecular methods (such as real time PCR)
Antigen detection
Serology
Electron microscopy
Cell or tissue culture
What is not really used now for detecting viruses?
Electron microscopy
Cell or tissue culture
What is serology?
Detecting antibodies that the patient has produced against the virus
What are the 3 classes of parasites?
Protozoa
Helminths (worms)
Arthropods
What are examples of protozoa?
Malaria
Amoebae
Flagellates
What are examples of helminths?
Roundwormm
Tapeworm
Flukes
What are examples of arthropods?
Lice
Ticks
Mites
What is normally used to diagnose parasites?
Microscopy
What is looked for when diagnosing parasites?
Parasites
Cysts
Ova
What is rarely possible and what is sometimes useful for diagnosing parasites?
Culture is rarely possible and serology is sometimes useful
What is a healthcare acquired infeciton?
An infection that is acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility
What are examples of common healthcare acquired infections?
MRSA
Clostidium difficile
B-lactamases
Noroviruses
What is antibacterial resistance?
The ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat that microbe
What are we currently experiencing in terms of antibiotics?
A discovery void
What are examples of basic infection control?
Wash hands before touching the patient
Wash hands between patients
Swab stethoscope between patients
Isolate infectious patients in single rooms
