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All you need to know and more > Foundations in Immunology 3 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 3 Flashcards

B Lymphocytes and Functions of Antibody + The Complement System

1
Q

<p>What are properties of the adaptive immune system that is different to the innate immune system?</p>

A

<p>Very specific</p>

<p>Immunological memory</p>

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2
Q

<p>What antigen do B cells use to recognise free antigens?</p>

A

<p>BCR (surface IgM)</p>

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3
Q

<p>What receptor do T cells use when they are being shown an antigen?</p>

A

<p>MHC</p>

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4
Q

<p>How do antibodies from a memory cell bind to antigens compared to regular cells?</p>

A

<p>With much higher affinity</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is a naive B cell?</p>

A

<p>B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen</p>

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6
Q

<p>What happens once a naive B cell is exposed to an antigen?</p>

A

<p>Becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are the 2 kinds of adaptive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Active</p>

<p>Passive</p>

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8
Q

<p>What is active immunity?</p>

A

<p>Uses the hosts own immune cells</p>

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9
Q

<p>What is passive immunity?</p>

A

<p>Transfer of someone else's immune cells</p>

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10
Q

<p>Which of active and passive immunity creates immunological memory?</p>

A

<p>Active immunity</p>

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11
Q

<p>What can active and passive immunity be further classified into?</p>

A

<p>Natural</p>

<p>Artificial</p>

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12
Q

<p>Where are B cells produced?</p>

A

<p>Bone marrow</p>

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13
Q

<p>What do B cells do on activation?</p>

A

<p>Differentiate into plasma cells</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are plasma cells?</p>

A

<p>Responsible for antibody production</p>

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15
Q

<p>Is it more important for B or T cells to be tolerant?</p>

A

<p>T cells because B cells need the help of T cells to make antibodies</p>

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16
Q

<p>What happens to B cells that recognise self antigens?</p>

A

<p>Die in bone marrow by apoptosis</p>

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17
Q

<p>What are epitopes?</p>

A

<p>Part of the antigen that antibodies bind to</p>

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18
Q

<p>How can epitopes differ from each other, other than their structure and what they bind to?</p>

A

<p>Some induce larger immune responses than others</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is an antigen?</p>

A

<p>Any substance capable of triggering an immune response</p>

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20
Q

<p>What does the structure of an antibody consist of?</p>

A

<p>Variable region</p>

<p>Constant region</p>

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21
Q

<p>What are the different antibody classes?</p>

A

<p>IgG</p>

<p>IgA</p>

<p>IgM</p>

<p>IgD</p>

<p>IgE</p>

22
Q

<p>What is IgG good for?</p>

A

<p>Good opsoniser</p>

23
Q

<p>What is IgA good for?</p>

A

<p>Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid</p>

24
Q

<p>What is IgM good for?</p>

A

<p>Fixing compliment and opsonisation</p>

25
Q

<p>What is IgD good for?</p>

A

<p>No known function</p>

26
Q

<p>What is IgE good for?</p>

A

<p>Defends against parasites, causing anaphylactic shock and allergies</p>

27
Q

<p>What is the antibody structure held by?</p>

A

<p>Disulphide bonds</p>

28
Q

<p>What are the two kinds of chains in the antibody structure?</p>

A

<p>Light chains</p>

<p>Heavy chains</p>

29
Q

<p>What receptor is in the heavy chains?</p>

A

<p>Fc</p>

30
Q

<p>What receptor is in the light chain?</p>

A

<p>Antigen binding region</p>

31
Q

<p>What are the 2 kinds of light chains?</p>

A

<p>Lamda</p>

<p>Kappa</p>

32
Q

<p>How many kinds of light chain are present in each antibody?</p>

A

<p>One, with both chains being identical</p>

33
Q

<p>What are the 2 regions of the heavy chain?</p>

A

<p>Constant region</p>

<p>Variable region</p>

34
Q

<p>What is the variable region?</p>

A

<p>Antigen binding site</p>

35
Q

<p>What are the 2 ways of activating an antibody?</p>

A

<p>T cell dependant</p>

<p>T cell independant</p>

36
Q

<p>What is used to activate antibodies without T cells?</p>

A

<p>Mitogen</p>

37
Q

<p>What is a mitogen?</p>

A

<p>Antigen with a very large number of repeated epitopes</p>

38
Q

<p>When do B cells produce antibodies?</p>

A

<p>When they are activated</p>

39
Q

<p>What is the first antibody that B cells produce?</p>

A

<p>IgM</p>

40
Q

<p>What does the class of the antibody depend on?</p>

A

<p>The constant region</p>

41
Q

<p>When is the compliment system activated by antibodies?</p>

A

<p>When they are bound to an antigen</p>

42
Q

<p>What are the 3 ways that antibodies eliminate pathogens by?</p>

A

<p>Neutralisation</p>

<p>Opsonisation</p>

<p>Compliment activation</p>

43
Q

<p>What does neutralisation do?</p>

A

<p>Discourages of prevents pathogens from initiating an infection</p>

44
Q

<p>What does opsonisation do?</p>

A

<p>Targets for phagocyte</p>

45
Q

<p>What happens to neutralised and opsonised complexes?</p>

A

<p>Phagocytoses by macrophages</p>

46
Q

<p>What is antibody dependant cytotoxicity (ADCC)?</p>

A

<p>The process of killing antibody coated target cells by leukocytes which have specific Fc receptors for these bound antibodies</p>

47
Q

<p>What is humoral immunity?</p>

A

<p>Aspect of immunity by the macromolecules found in extracellular fluid such as secreted antibodies and compliment proteins</p>

48
Q

<p>What is cell mediated immunity?</p>

A

<p>Immune response that does not involve antibodies, but the activation of phagocytes and antigen specific cytotoxic T cells with the release of various cytokines</p>

49
Q

<p>What is the process of B cell activation and class switching?</p>

A

<p>1) Antigen is recognised by BCR</p>

<p>2) B cell expresses MHCII and antigen complex on its surface</p>

<p>3) Gets recognised bt TCR of TH2 cell</p>

<p>4) CD4 on B cell also binds to CD4L of TH2 cell</p>

<p>5) TH2 cell releases cytokines (IL2/4/5) which are recognised by ILR on B cell (interleukin receptor)</p>

<p>6) This determines the class switching of the B cell</p>

<p>7) B cell produces antibodies</p>

50
Q

<p>What determines the class switching of the B cell?</p>

A

<p>The cytokines released by the helper T cell</p>

51
Q

<p>What is the process of compliment mediated activation of B cell?</p>

A

<p>1) C3b is bound to a pathogen and degrades to C3d, C3df and iC3b</p>

<p>2) C3d reamins bound to pathogen and binds to a receptor on the surface of the B cell called CR2</p>

<p>3) Binding of CR2 and IgM greatly enhances the signals into the B cell so it is activated</p>

52
Q

<p>What receptor binds to C3d on a B cell?</p>

A

<p>CR2</p>

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