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Yr 2 - EMS > Tumour Classification > Flashcards

Tumour Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelium (lining)
  2. Connective (bone/cartilage/tendons/ligaments)
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous tissue
  5. (Marrow)
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2
Q

Why do most tumours arise from epithelial tissue?

A

As this is the tissue most exposed to the environment

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelia?

A

Glandular or not

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of benign epithelial tumours?

A

Papillomas or adenomas

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5
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

A benign tumour of epithelium that is not secretory

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6
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign tumour of epithelium that is secretory

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7
Q

What is a polyp?

A

A polyp is a small cell clump that grows within your body.

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8
Q

After naming the epithelial tumour as either a papilloma or an adenoma, how is it then further identified?

A
  • If surface/non secretory lining epithelium:
    • Cell type of origin
    • E.g. squamous cell papilloma, urothelial cell papilloma
  • If glandular/secretory epitelium:
    • Glandular tissue of origin
    • E.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma
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9
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours referred to as?

A

Carcinomas

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10
Q

What are adenocarcinomas?

A

Involving glandular epithelium

E.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

How are non-glandular malignant epithelium tumours named?

A

Epithelial cell type

E.g. basal cell carcinoma, urothelial cell carcinoma

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12
Q

What is carcinoma ‘in situ’?

A

A group of abnormal cells that remain in the place where they first formed. They have not spread through the basement membrane. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

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13
Q

What is carcinoma ‘in situ’ preceded by?

A

Dysplasia (disordered maturation and nuclear changes)

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14
Q

What is the definition of when a tumour becomes malignant?

A

When it invades through the basement membrane

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15
Q

Prefix of benign mesenchymal tumours involving:

  • Smooth muscle?
  • Skeletal muscle?
  • Adipose?
  • Blood vessel?
  • Bone?
  • Cartilage?
  • Fibrous?
A
  • Leiomyo-
  • Rhabdomyo-
  • Lipo-
  • Angio-
  • Osteo-
  • Chondro-
  • Fibro-
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16
Q

Ending of benign mesenchymal tumours?

A

-oma

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17
Q

What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called? What is their prefix?

A
  • Sarcomas
  • Prefix = mesenchymal tissue of origin
  • E.g. liposarcoma (malignant tumour arising from fat)
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18
Q

What is a benign melanocytic lesion?

A
  • ‘Mole’
  • “Melanocytic naevus”
  • Many subtypes
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19
Q

What is the malignant counterpart to a benign melanocytic lesion?

A

Malignant melanoma

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20
Q

What is a mesothelioma?

A

A malignant tumour that arises from the cells that line the pleura

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21
Q

What are the 4 main types of CNS tumours?

A
  1. Meninges –> Meningioma
  2. Glial cells –> Glioma
  3. Pituitary tumours
  4. Neurones - rarely form tumours in the CNS (but do in the PNS)

Many tumours metastasize to the brain but generally not vice versa

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22
Q

Where are germ cell tumours found?

A

Arise from germ cells

  • Found in gonads – Ovary and testis
  • Midline
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23
Q

How are germ cell tumours named?

A

Nomenclature based on gonad:

  • A certain cell type seen in a testes –> Seminoma
  • Same cell type seen in ovary –> Dysgerminoma

Nomenclature based on differentiation i.e. what type of tissue are those cells starting to resemble:

  • Yolk sac tumour, teratoma (different cell types), choriocarcinoma (starting to resemble placenta tissue), embryonal carcinoma, mixed germ cell tumours (mixture of differentiated cell types within same tumour)
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24
Q

What are embryonal tumours often called?

A

Blastomas

E.g. Retinoblastoma, Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour), Neuroblastoma, Hepatoblastoma etc

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25
Q

What are embryonal cells?

A

Primitive cells that haven’t differentiated yet into a specific cell type

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26
Q

What do embyronal tumours look like?

A

Look like “embryonal cells” aka “small round blue cell tumours”

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27
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Haematological malignancy of the marrow/blood

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28
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Haematological malignancy of lymph nodes/other solid tissues

29
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Haematological malignancy arising from plasma cells

30
Q

What are hamartomas?

A

A hamartoma is a noncancerous tumor made of an abnormal mixture of normal tissues and cells from the area in which it grows

  • Benign, tumour-like lesion
  • Non-neoplastic overgrowth of tissue
  • Indigenous to site but disorganised mass
    • E.g. lung hamartoma = bronchial epithelium and cartilage
31
Q

What are cysts?

A
  • A fluid-filled space lined by epithelium
  • Many causes, can be neoplastic
32
Q

Tumours can contain more than one tissue type. What is a benign tumour of blood vessels and fat called?

A
  • Vessels = angio
  • Fat = lipo
  • Benign = -oma

Angiolipoma

33
Q

What is a malignant tumour with epithelial and stromal components called?

A
  • Malignant epithelial = carcinoma
  • Malignant stromal = sarcoma

Carcinosarcoma

34
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

At site of origin

35
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

Metastatic

36
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour of the stratified squamous epithelium (e.g. skin, oropharanyx, anus, cervix) called?

A

Squamous cell papilloma

37
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour of the basal cells of the skin called?

A

Basal cell papilloma

38
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour of the transitional epithelium of the bladder called?

A

Transitional cell papilloma

39
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour of the glandular epithelium of the liver called?

A

Liver cell adenoma

40
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour of the glandular epithelium of the thyroid called?

A

Follicular adenoma

41
Q

What is a malignant epithelial tumour of the stratified squamous epithelium called?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

42
Q

What is a malignant epithelial tumour of the basal cells of the skin called?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

43
Q

What is a malignant epithelial tumour of the transitional epithelium called?

A

Urothelial carcinoma

44
Q

What is a malignant epithelial tumour of the glandular epithelium of the colon called?

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

45
Q

What is a malignant epithelial tumour of the glandular epithelium of the breast called?

A

Breast adenocarcinoma

46
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyoma

47
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyoma

48
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of adipose tissue called?

A

Lipoma

49
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of blood vessels called?

A

Angioma/haemangioma

50
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of the bone called?

A

Osteoma

51
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of the cartilage called?

A

Chondroma

52
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

A

Fibroma

53
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

54
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyosacroma

55
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the adipose tissue called?

A

Liposarcoma

56
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the blood vessels called?

A

Angiosarcoma

57
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the bone called?

A

Osteosarcoma

58
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

59
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal tumour of the fibrous tissue called?

A

Fibrosarcoma

60
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

61
Q

A benign tumour originating from a skin sebaceous gland. What is the correct terminology?

A

Sebaceous adenoma

62
Q

If this was a malignant tumour, what would you call it?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

63
Q

What is the name of a benign tumour of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyoma

64
Q

This is a fatty lump which is a benign tumour. What would you call it?

A

Lipoma

65
Q

What is a malignant tumour of cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

66
Q

What is a benign tumour originating from brain lining tissue called?

A

Meningioma

67
Q

What is a malignant tumour of placental tissue called?

A

Choriocarcinoma

68
Q

This finding is often due to which type of tumour?

A

retinoblastoma

Yr 2 - EMS (60 decks)

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