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Yr 2 - EMS > Role of ... > Flashcards

Role of ... Flashcards

1
Q

What does gross pathology refer to?

A

Refers to the macroscopic assessment of pathology specimens (manifestations of disease in organs, tissues, body cavities etc)

Can be seen with naked eye; patient, surgical specimen, X-ray, autopsy

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2
Q

What different levels do histopathologists look at?

A
  • Gross pathology (naked eye)
  • Microscopy (histology, cytology)
  • Molecular pathology (DNA, RNA, proteins)
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3
Q

Who are histopathologists?

A

Doctors who diagnose and study disease using expert medical interpretation of cells and tissue samples.

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia in the UK?

A

Bleeding

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5
Q

How do histopathologists assess tumours?

A

Confirm tumour present

Type of tumour

Stage of tumour

Grade of tumour

Surgical margin status

Lymph node status

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6
Q

What is the KRAS mutation?

A

Mutation present in up to 25% of all human tumours, and this is one of the most frequently activated oncogenes.

(usually present in bowel cancer)

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7
Q

What is anti-EGFR treatment?

A

Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been firmly established as essential drugs for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC).

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8
Q

What is haematology?

A

Study of diseases of the blood, bone marrow and lymphoid organs

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9
Q

What does the presence of immature blast cells indicate?

A

Can indicate AML –> Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

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10
Q

What are the common findings for AML?

A
  • Reduced Hb (anaemia)
  • Raised white count (leukocytosis)
  • Reduced platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
  • Presence of immature blast cells in blood
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11
Q

What are common symptoms for AML?

A
  • Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath (low RBC)
  • Bruising, rash on hands and feet (low platelets)

Early signs may appear similar to influenza

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12
Q

What is cell morphology?

A

Identifying the shape, structure, form, and size of cells

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13
Q

What is part of the major haemorrhage protocol?

A

Give patient transfusion of RBCs, platelets and fresh frozen plasma

Monitor their full blood count and clotting to guide further transfusions

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14
Q

What can be used to try and reverse the effects of anticoagulants (e.g. in case of major haemorrhage)?

A

Use prothrombin complex concentrate

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15
Q

What is myeloma?

A

A type of bone marrow cancer

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16
Q

What is treatment for haemophilia A?

A

Factor 8 replacement throughout childhood to reduce damage from repeated bleeds into joints and will need additional doses if he suffers any injuries or bleeding

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17
Q

What is CAR-T treatment?

A

New treatment that modifies patient’s own T cells to allow them to recognise and attack their cancer cells

  1. T cells collected from patient
  2. T cells are modified (so they express receptor that targets cancer cell)
  3. Reinfused into patient
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18
Q

IgG 2.3 g/l (6-16)
IgA >0.06 g/l (0.8-4)
IgM 0.1 g/l (0.5-2)

Inadequate levels of anti-pneumococcal Ab

Low levels of memory B cells, normal T cell numbers

What would diagnosis be?

A

Common variable immunodeficiency

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19
Q

What is common variable immunodeficiency?

A

An antibody deficiency that leaves the immune system unable to defend against bacteria and viruses, resulting in recurrent and often severe infections primarily affecting the ears, sinuses, and respiratory tract.

20
Q

What is treatment for common variable immunodeficiency?

A

Immunoglobulin replacement (plasma derived)

21
Q

What is TNF Receptor Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS)?

A

A rare genetic disease with episodes of recurrent fever; abdominal, chest, and muscle pain; red and swollen eyes; and a typical rash lasting for more than one week.

22
Q

Symptoms of TRAPS?

A

Episodes of recurrent fever; abdominal, chest, and muscle pain; red and swollen eyes; and a typical rash lasting for more than one week.

23
Q

What you expect CRP levels to be like in TRAPS?

A

Raised

24
Q

Is Staphylococcus epidermis gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

25
Q

What is Staphylococcus epidermis? How can it cause disease?

A

It is part of the normal human flora, typically the skin flora, but can cause infection if enters the bloodstream –> can cause acute cases of sepsis

26
Q

What is Staphylococcus epidermis a common cause of?

A

Prosthetic joint infection

27
Q

What is ‘community acquired’ pneumonia?

A

You get infected in a community setting. It doesn’t happen in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare centre

28
Q

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

29
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a common cause of? Where is this bacteria typically spread?

A

It is the most common pathogen isolated from patients who have been hospitalised longer than 1 week. It is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs) etc

HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION

30
Q

Is Pseudomonas a common cause of community acquired pneumonia?

A

No - common cause of hospital acquired infection

31
Q

Is Enterococcus gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

32
Q

Where is Enterococcus found?

A

Enterococcus is a type of bacteria that is typically present in the gut and bowel

33
Q

What can Enterococcus cause?

A

The bacteria can cause infection in people when it enters wounds, blood, or urine - is a common faecal contaminant

34
Q

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

35
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for the majority of community-acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

36
Q

Where is Streptococcus pneumoniae normally found? Does it always cause disease?

A

Most commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - can carry this bacteria without causing disease

37
Q

How can antibiotics affect urine samples?

A

May make culture results false ‘negative’

38
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

An infection of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of your heart chambers and heart valves

39
Q

Is Streptococcus mitis gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

40
Q

Where is streptococcus mitis bacteria typically found? How can it cause infection?

A

It is most commonly found in the throat, nasopharynx, and mouth.

Bacteria may spread spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in your heart –> can cause endocarditis

41
Q

What can protein in pregnancy urine potentially indicate?

A

Can be a sign of pre-eclampsia, along with high blood pressure

42
Q

How can you decide what antibiotic is right for a urine infection?

A

Send for a urine sample culture

43
Q

What is Vancomycin?

A

An antibiotic

44
Q

What is Vancomycin effective against?

A

Gram positive infections only

45
Q

Is E-coli gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

46
Q

What antibiotic is typically used in MRSA cases?

A

Teicoplanin (treatment of Gram positive)

47
Q

How handles antibiotic treatments?

A

Microbiologists

Yr 2 - EMS (60 decks)

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