Theme 4 Crossword - Neoplasia Flashcards
A premalignant change in cell proliferation and differentiation that is often associated with metaplasia?
Dysplasia
In some third world countries bladder cancer is associated with which parasitic disease?
Schistosomiasis
A key defining characteristic of malignant neoplasm
Metastasis
** methyltransferase shows genetic variation in activity that can cause toxicity on treatment with some cytotoxic drugs
Thiopurine
***** syndrome = hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
Lynch
A benign tumour of the meninges
Meningioma
** P450 oxidases are encoded by a family of genes and are responsible for metabolising many common drugs
Cytochrome
A term for X-inactivation in females, named after its discoverer.
Lyonisation
A modification to the genome that does not affect the nucleotide sequence.
Epigenetic
A targeted drug used in cases of breast cancer with HER2 amplification
Herceptin
The commonest type of cancer in men in UK
Prostate
Favoured site of haematogenous spread of tumour cells from primary lung and breast cancer
Bone
Benign tumour of striated muscle
Rhabdomyoma
A CpG **** is cluster of CG dinucleotides frequently found near the 5’ ends of genes
Island
Grade of tumour is a term that indicates its ______
Differentiation
Anticoagulant showing genetically-determined dosage sensitivity
Warfarin
Uniparental ****: both copies of a chromosome from one parent
Disomy
Modifications to the tails of this class of proteins regulate gene expression.
Histone
Genetic deficiency of this enzyme can result in failure to recover from anaesthesia
Butyrylcholinesterase
A serum marker used to screen for prostate cancer
PSA
These small regions are shared between the X and Y chromosomes
Pseudoautosomal
Genetic abnormality behind complete hydatidiform moles
Androgenesis
Asbestos is strongly linked to which highly malignant tumour?
Mesothelioma
The frequency with which an inherited disorder manifests itself in gene carriers
Penetrance
A Dukes B tumour is distinguished from a Dukes A by virtue of the tumour having grown through what structure?
Muscle layer
A malignant tumour of cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
Genes that are monoallelically expressed according to parent of origin are said to be *******.
Imprinted
Overgrowth syndrome due to dysregulation of the IGF2 gene
Beckwith
Type of involuntary movement typical of Huntington’s disease.
Chorea
A defective Rb gene is inherited in which familial cancer syndrome?
Retinoblastoma
Type of genetic diagnostic test performed on in vitro cultured embryo.
Preimplantation
Common mechanism by which a proto-oncogene may become abnormally over-expressed
Amplification
A common type of tumour seen in patients with an inherited defect in the TP53 gene
Sarcoma
An angioma is a benign tumour of which tissue?
Blood vessels
Enzyme involved in the maintenance of repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes
Telomerase
Most common pathway of metastatic spread of tumour cells
Lymphatic
Invasive method for obtaining tissue of fetal genotype for prenatal genetic diagnosis: ******* villus sampling
Chorionic
What is uniparental disomy?
Uniparental disomy refers to the situation in which 2 copies of a chromosome come from the same parent, instead of 1 copy coming from the mother, and 1 copy coming from the father.
What are 2 examples of uniparental disomy?
Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)
What is Duke’s staging system used in?
Staging bowel cancer
Describe Duke’s A
The cancer is in the inner lining of the bowel. Or it is slightly growing into the muscle layer.
Describe Duke’s B
The cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bowel.
Describe Duke’s C
The cancer has spread to at least 1 lymph node close to the bowel.
Describe Duke’s D
The cancer has spread to another part of the body, such as the liver, lungs or bones.
In the number staging system, this is the same as stage 4. It is also called advanced bowel cancer.
What is genomic imprinting?
Somatic cells possess two copies of the genome (one from mother and one from father). Each autosomal gene is therefore represented by two copies, or alleles, with one copy inherited from each parent at fertilization. For the vast majority of autosomal genes, expression occurs from both alleles simultaneously. In mammals, however, a small proportion (<1%) of genes are imprinted, meaning that gene expression occurs from only one allele [13] (some recent studies have questioned this assertion, claiming that the number of regions of parent-of-origin methylation in, for example, the human genome, is much larger than previously thought).[14] The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin. For example, the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2/Igf2) is only expressed from the allele inherited from the father.
