Theme 4 Crossword - Neoplasia

Question 1

A premalignant change in cell proliferation and differentiation that is often associated with metaplasia?

Answer 1

Dysplasia

Question 2

In some third world countries bladder cancer is associated with which parasitic disease?

Answer 2

Schistosomiasis

Question 3

A key defining characteristic of malignant neoplasm

Answer 3

Metastasis

Question 4

** methyltransferase shows genetic variation in activity that can cause toxicity on treatment with some cytotoxic drugs

Answer 4

Thiopurine

Question 5

***** syndrome = hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)

Answer 5

Lynch

Question 6

A benign tumour of the meninges

Answer 6

Meningioma

Question 7

** P450 oxidases are encoded by a family of genes and are responsible for metabolising many common drugs

Answer 7

Cytochrome

Question 8

A term for X-inactivation in females, named after its discoverer.

Answer 8

Lyonisation

Question 9

A modification to the genome that does not affect the nucleotide sequence.

Answer 9

Epigenetic

Question 10

A targeted drug used in cases of breast cancer with HER2 amplification

Answer 10

Herceptin

Question 11

The commonest type of cancer in men in UK

Answer 11

Prostate

Question 12

Favoured site of haematogenous spread of tumour cells from primary lung and breast cancer

Answer 12

Bone

Question 13

Benign tumour of striated muscle

Answer 13

Rhabdomyoma

Question 14

A CpG **** is cluster of CG dinucleotides frequently found near the 5’ ends of genes

Answer 14

Island

Question 15

Grade of tumour is a term that indicates its ______

Answer 15

Differentiation

Question 16

Anticoagulant showing genetically-determined dosage sensitivity

Answer 16

Warfarin

Question 17

Uniparental ****: both copies of a chromosome from one parent

Answer 17

Disomy

Question 18

Modifications to the tails of this class of proteins regulate gene expression.

Answer 18

Histone

Question 19

Genetic deficiency of this enzyme can result in failure to recover from anaesthesia

Answer 19

Butyrylcholinesterase

Question 20

A serum marker used to screen for prostate cancer

Answer 20

PSA

Question 21

These small regions are shared between the X and Y chromosomes

Answer 21

Pseudoautosomal

Question 22

Genetic abnormality behind complete hydatidiform moles

Answer 22

Androgenesis

Question 23

Asbestos is strongly linked to which highly malignant tumour?

Answer 23

Mesothelioma

Question 24

The frequency with which an inherited disorder manifests itself in gene carriers

Answer 24

Penetrance

Question 25

A Dukes B tumour is distinguished from a Dukes A by virtue of the tumour having grown through what structure?

Answer 25

Muscle layer

Question 26

A malignant tumour of cartilage

Answer 26

Chondrosarcoma

Question 27

Genes that are monoallelically expressed according to parent of origin are said to be *******.

Answer 27

Imprinted

Question 28

Overgrowth syndrome due to dysregulation of the IGF2 gene

Answer 28

Beckwith

Question 29

Type of involuntary movement typical of Huntington’s disease.

Answer 29

Chorea

Question 30

A defective Rb gene is inherited in which familial cancer syndrome?

Answer 30

Retinoblastoma

Question 31

Type of genetic diagnostic test performed on in vitro cultured embryo.

Answer 31

Preimplantation

Question 32

Common mechanism by which a proto-oncogene may become abnormally over-expressed

Answer 32

Amplification

Question 33

A common type of tumour seen in patients with an inherited defect in the TP53 gene

Answer 33

Sarcoma

Question 34

An angioma is a benign tumour of which tissue?

Answer 34

Blood vessels

Question 35

Enzyme involved in the maintenance of repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes

Answer 35

Telomerase

Question 36

Most common pathway of metastatic spread of tumour cells

Answer 36

Lymphatic

Question 37

Invasive method for obtaining tissue of fetal genotype for prenatal genetic diagnosis: ******* villus sampling

Answer 37

Chorionic

Question 38

What is uniparental disomy?

Answer 38

Uniparental disomy refers to the situation in which 2 copies of a chromosome come from the same parent, instead of 1 copy coming from the mother, and 1 copy coming from the father.

Question 39

What are 2 examples of uniparental disomy?

Answer 39

Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)

Question 40

What is Duke’s staging system used in?

Answer 40

Staging bowel cancer

Question 41

Describe Duke’s A

Answer 41

The cancer is in the inner lining of the bowel. Or it is slightly growing into the muscle layer.

Question 42

Describe Duke’s B

Answer 42

The cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bowel.

Question 43

Describe Duke’s C

Answer 43

The cancer has spread to at least 1 lymph node close to the bowel.

Question 44

Describe Duke’s D

Answer 44

The cancer has spread to another part of the body, such as the liver, lungs or bones.

In the number staging system, this is the same as stage 4. It is also called advanced bowel cancer.

Question 45

What is genomic imprinting?

Answer 45

Somatic cells possess two copies of the genome (one from mother and one from father). Each autosomal gene is therefore represented by two copies, or alleles, with one copy inherited from each parent at fertilization. For the vast majority of autosomal genes, expression occurs from both alleles simultaneously. In mammals, however, a small proportion (<1%) of genes are imprinted, meaning that gene expression occurs from only one allele [13] (some recent studies have questioned this assertion, claiming that the number of regions of parent-of-origin methylation in, for example, the human genome, is much larger than previously thought).[14] The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin. For example, the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2/Igf2) is only expressed from the allele inherited from the father.