Tumor markers and few important details Flashcards
CA27.29
Breast
CYFRA 21.1
NSCLC
AFP
Liver
Germcell tumors
PSA
Prostate
CEA
Colon
HCG
Choriocarcinoma
ACTH
Small cell carinoma
HE4
Ovary
Chromogranin A
Neuroendocine tumors
Colon
CEA
Ovary
CA15-3
HE4
Breast
Ovary
Pancreas
CA15-3
Breast
CA 27.29
CA 15-3
Pancreas
Bile ducts
Gastric
CA19-9
Medullary thyroid cancer
Calcitonin
Neuroendocine tumors
Calcitonin
Liver
Germ cell carcinomas
AFP
Chorinocarinoma
HCG
SCLC
ACTH
NSCLC
CYFRA 21.1
Metastasis to the brain
Lung
Breast
Malignant melanoma
Metastasis to bone
Lung Breast Thyroid Prostate Kidney
Metastasis to liver
GI Lung Melanoma Neuroblastoma Many more
Metastasis to lung
Breast Liver Kidney Rectum Germinal cell Sarcomas Osteosarcoma
Metastasis of lung cancer to….
Brain
Adrenal gl
Bone
what is mamrantic endocarditis?
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
deposition of fibrin, platelets and blood on the walls
occurs in the setting of hypercoagulative state
Ca15-3
Breast
Ovary
Pancreas
CA19-9
Pancreas
Bile duct
Gastric
Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid cancer
when does Mamrantic endocarditis occur?
in the setting of hypercoagulative state
what is Libmann sacks endocarditis?
setrile endocardidits, induced due to IC deposition
associated with SLE
CA125
Ovary
what are predisposing factors for infective endocaririds?
Reumathic fever cardiac malformations prosthetic valves catheters host factors: DM, immunosuppressive, malignancy etc...
what is a ring abscess?
abscess formation in infective endocardiditsn
what is the difference between acute and subacute endocardidits?
acute: due to high virulence organisms (aureus)
subacute: due to low virulence organism (verdant)
pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.
hypersensitive reaction against antigen of Step. pyrogens
antigen in circulation– Bcell recognise– Ig production– Ig CROSS REACT with heart tissue and others– endocarditis&GN etc
types of myocardiopathyies
- dilated
- Hypertrophic
- Restricive
what is a dilated myocardiopathy?
Due to impairment of contraction (systolic dysfunction)
caused by: Idiopathic, alcohol, myocarditis, genetic
what is hypertrophic myocardiopathy?
due to impairment of compliance (diastolic problem)
caused by: GENETICS, friedreich ataxia
what is a restrictive cardiomyopathy?
due to impairment of compliance (diastolic problem)
caused by: idiopathic, amyloidosis
how are the Ejection fractions of the different cardiomyopathyies?
dilated: <40%
hypertrophic: 50-80%
Restrictive: 45-90%
NORMAL. 55-65%
what is the cause for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Genetics
point mutation in gene encoding for SACROMERIC proteins– BETA MYOSIN heavy chain…
what is löffler endocardidits?
end-myocardial fibrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate (seen in restrictive cardiomyopathy)
types of myocarditis
- lymphocytic
- hypersensitivity
- giant cel
- Chagas
causes of myocarditis:
- Viral
- non-viral (bacterial and fungal)
- non infectious ( SLE)
pathogenesis of Atheroscleoris?
damage to epithelium
lipids leak into intima
lipids are oxidised
oxidised lipitds are taken up by foam cells
Risk factors for arhteroslcosis
Modifiable: HTN, DM, Hypercholesterolemia, smoking
non modifiable: age, gender, genetics
types of arteriolosclerosis
hyalin
Hyperplastic
causes of hyalin arteriolosclerosis
- benign HTN
2. DM
causes for hyper plastic arteriolosclerosis
- Mallignant htn
acitvation of neutrophils
- LTB4
- C5a (Mast cells)
- IL8
- Bacterial products (TLR)
how to activate mast cells?
- IgE
- C5a
- trauma
cardinal signs of inflammation
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- Fever
what causes redness in inflammation?
vasodilation
histamine
PG
Bradidinin
what causes swelling in inflammation?
Histamin
tissue damage
what are the pain mediators in inflammation?
PGE2
Bradykinin
what causes fever in inflammation?
LPS– Macrophages– IL1 and TNF
describe the leukocyte migrations process
- rolling (P selection, E selectin)
- adhesion (Icam1, intergin)
- excavation (PECAM1 (CD31))
vasodilators in the case of inflammation
PGI, PGE,PE,PGD
vasocontritos
TAX2, Leukotriens
increased vascular permeability
Leukotriens
what is chronic inflammation?
prolonged process in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and healing occour
what causes chronic inflammation?
- persistence infection
- immune reactions
- long exposure to toxin
role of macrophages in chronic inflammation
activated by T cell via IFN
Depending on stimulatory factors, either inflammatory mediating or repair mechanism
releases substance that mediate inflammation (Proteases, ROS, NO, Eicosanoids, cytokines)
other chronic inflammation cells
t lymphocytes will communicate with macrophages in a positive feedback manner
b lsmphctes will become plasma cells
what is a granuloma?
accumulation of activated macrophages, can be surrounded by lymphocytes or fibrous ring
types of granulomaouts inflammation?
- foring body granuloma
- immune granuloma
- granulomatous inflammation
what causes frogin body granuloma?
due to particles that are not easily digestible.
surgical sutures
what causes immune granuloma formation?
by a immune T cell mediated responds. INF actives macrophages.
example is: TB.
what causes granulomatous inflammation?
inflammatory reaction with relatively few possible causes:
TB, Leprosy, syphyilis
temporal arteritis, crohns, sarcoidosis
process of wound healing.
first intention (clean uninfected surgical):
1st step: homeostasis (platelets sonf fibrin)
2nd step: inflammation (neutrophils etc)
3rd step: basal cells mitotic activitiy
4th step: fibroplasia (dermis reconstruction with fibroblasts)
5th step: maturation
