Tumor markers and few important details Flashcards
1
Q
CA27.29
A
Breast
2
Q
CYFRA 21.1
A
NSCLC
3
Q
AFP
A
Liver
Germcell tumors
4
Q
PSA
A
Prostate
5
Q
CEA
A
Colon
6
Q
HCG
A
Choriocarcinoma
7
Q
ACTH
A
Small cell carinoma
8
Q
HE4
A
Ovary
9
Q
Chromogranin A
A
Neuroendocine tumors
10
Q
Colon
A
CEA
11
Q
Ovary
A
CA15-3
HE4
12
Q
Breast
Ovary
Pancreas
A
CA15-3
13
Q
Breast
A
CA 27.29
CA 15-3
14
Q
Pancreas
Bile ducts
Gastric
A
CA19-9
15
Q
Medullary thyroid cancer
A
Calcitonin
16
Q
Neuroendocine tumors
A
Calcitonin
17
Q
Liver
Germ cell carcinomas
A
AFP
18
Q
Chorinocarinoma
A
HCG
19
Q
SCLC
A
ACTH
20
Q
NSCLC
A
CYFRA 21.1
21
Q
Metastasis to the brain
A
Lung
Breast
Malignant melanoma
22
Q
Metastasis to bone
A
Lung Breast Thyroid Prostate Kidney
23
Q
Metastasis to liver
A
GI Lung Melanoma Neuroblastoma Many more
24
Q
Metastasis to lung
A
Breast Liver Kidney Rectum Germinal cell Sarcomas Osteosarcoma
25
Metastasis of lung cancer to....
Brain
Adrenal gl
Bone
26
what is mamrantic endocarditis?
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
deposition of fibrin, platelets and blood on the walls
occurs in the setting of hypercoagulative state
27
Ca15-3
Breast
Ovary
Pancreas
28
CA19-9
Pancreas
Bile duct
Gastric
29
Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid cancer
30
when does Mamrantic endocarditis occur?
in the setting of hypercoagulative state
31
what is Libmann sacks endocarditis?
setrile endocardidits, induced due to IC deposition
| associated with SLE
32
CA125
Ovary
33
what are predisposing factors for infective endocaririds?
```
Reumathic fever
cardiac malformations
prosthetic valves
catheters
host factors: DM, immunosuppressive, malignancy etc...
```
34
what is a ring abscess?
abscess formation in infective endocardiditsn
35
what is the difference between acute and subacute endocardidits?
acute: due to high virulence organisms (aureus)
subacute: due to low virulence organism (verdant)
36
pathogenesis of rheumatic fever.
hypersensitive reaction against antigen of Step. pyrogens
antigen in circulation-- Bcell recognise-- Ig production-- Ig CROSS REACT with heart tissue and others-- endocarditis&GN etc
37
types of myocardiopathyies
1. dilated
2. Hypertrophic
3. Restricive
38
what is a dilated myocardiopathy?
Due to impairment of contraction (systolic dysfunction)
| caused by: Idiopathic, alcohol, myocarditis, genetic
39
what is hypertrophic myocardiopathy?
due to impairment of compliance (diastolic problem)
| caused by: GENETICS, friedreich ataxia
40
what is a restrictive cardiomyopathy?
due to impairment of compliance (diastolic problem)
| caused by: idiopathic, amyloidosis
41
how are the Ejection fractions of the different cardiomyopathyies?
dilated: <40%
hypertrophic: 50-80%
Restrictive: 45-90%
NORMAL. 55-65%
42
what is the cause for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Genetics
| point mutation in gene encoding for SACROMERIC proteins-- BETA MYOSIN heavy chain...
43
what is löffler endocardidits?
end-myocardial fibrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate (seen in restrictive cardiomyopathy)
44
types of myocarditis
1. lymphocytic
2. hypersensitivity
3. giant cel
4. Chagas
45
causes of myocarditis:
1. Viral
2. non-viral (bacterial and fungal)
3. non infectious ( SLE)
46
pathogenesis of Atheroscleoris?
damage to epithelium
lipids leak into intima
lipids are oxidised
oxidised lipitds are taken up by foam cells
47
Risk factors for arhteroslcosis
Modifiable: HTN, DM, Hypercholesterolemia, smoking
| non modifiable: age, gender, genetics
48
types of arteriolosclerosis
hyalin
| Hyperplastic
49
causes of hyalin arteriolosclerosis
1. benign HTN
| 2. DM
50
causes for hyper plastic arteriolosclerosis
1. Mallignant htn
51
acitvation of neutrophils
1. LTB4
2. C5a (Mast cells)
3. IL8
4. Bacterial products (TLR)
52
how to activate mast cells?
1. IgE
2. C5a
3. trauma
53
cardinal signs of inflammation
1. redness
2. swelling
3. pain
4. Fever
54
what causes redness in inflammation?
vasodilation
histamine
PG
Bradidinin
55
what causes swelling in inflammation?
Histamin
| tissue damage
56
what are the pain mediators in inflammation?
PGE2
| Bradykinin
57
what causes fever in inflammation?
LPS-- Macrophages-- IL1 and TNF
58
describe the leukocyte migrations process
1. rolling (P selection, E selectin)
2. adhesion (Icam1, intergin)
3. excavation (PECAM1 (CD31))
59
vasodilators in the case of inflammation
PGI, PGE,PE,PGD
60
vasocontritos
TAX2, Leukotriens
61
increased vascular permeability
Leukotriens
62
what is chronic inflammation?
prolonged process in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and healing occour
63
what causes chronic inflammation?
1. persistence infection
2. immune reactions
3. long exposure to toxin
64
role of macrophages in chronic inflammation
activated by T cell via IFN
Depending on stimulatory factors, either inflammatory mediating or repair mechanism
releases substance that mediate inflammation (Proteases, ROS, NO, Eicosanoids, cytokines)
65
other chronic inflammation cells
t lymphocytes will communicate with macrophages in a positive feedback manner
b lsmphctes will become plasma cells
66
what is a granuloma?
accumulation of activated macrophages, can be surrounded by lymphocytes or fibrous ring
67
types of granulomaouts inflammation?
1. foring body granuloma
2. immune granuloma
3. granulomatous inflammation
68
what causes frogin body granuloma?
due to particles that are not easily digestible.
| surgical sutures
69
what causes immune granuloma formation?
by a immune T cell mediated responds. INF actives macrophages.
example is: TB.
70
what causes granulomatous inflammation?
inflammatory reaction with relatively few possible causes:
TB, Leprosy, syphyilis
temporal arteritis, crohns, sarcoidosis
71
process of wound healing.
first intention (clean uninfected surgical):
1st step: homeostasis (platelets sonf fibrin)
2nd step: inflammation (neutrophils etc)
3rd step: basal cells mitotic activitiy
4th step: fibroplasia (dermis reconstruction with fibroblasts)
5th step: maturation
