Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Question 1

Two examples of factors that promote angiogenesis?

Answer 1

VEGF and basic-FGF

Question 2

Features of angiogenic vessels brought to tumors

Answer 2

Tortuous, Irregularly shaped
Leaky
Poor Blood Flow

Question 3

How do cells lose cohesiveness with their clonal populations?

Answer 3

Loss of homotypic adhesion proteins, Downregulation of E-cadherin.

Question 4

How do tumor cells manage to migrate through the ECM?

Answer 4

Attachment to matrix components

Degradation of ECM

Question 5

How do tumor cells attach to matrix components

Answer 5

Increased ECM adhesion proteins (integrins+IgFamily)
Increased Laminin+Fibronectin binding
Loss of BM Orientation

Question 6

How do tumor cells degrade ECM?

Answer 6

Secretion of serine, cysteine, and MMPs

Question 7

MMP __ and __ clear type 4 collagen

Answer 7

2 and 9

Question 8

Bronchiogenic carcinoma tends to head to…

Answer 8

the adrenal medulla

Question 9

Gastric cancer tends to head to…

Answer 9

biolateral ovaries
(Krukenberg tumor)

Question 10

Two tumors with known strong anti-tumor immune responses

Answer 10

Melanoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 11

Immunomodulators considered for treatment of cancer

Answer 11

interferons
IL2
TNF

Question 12

Three paraneoplastic syndromes associated with overproduction of proteins

Answer 12

Multiple Myeloma
Waldestrom’s macroglobulinemia (IgM)
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

Question 13

What is produced in Multiple Myeloma

Answer 13

light chains (Bence Jones proteins) that cause renal damage

Question 14

What is produced in Waldestrom’s macroglobulinemia

Answer 14

IgM that causes hyperviscosity syndrome

Question 15

What is produced in Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer 15

Calcitonin leading to amyloidosis

Question 16

Examples of three kinds of cancer that cause overproduction of hormones

Answer 16

1. Testicular/Ovarian – Feminnizing/Masculinizing Hormones
2. Insulinoma – hypoglycemia
3. Adrenal cortical carcinoma (causes cushings)

Question 17

ACTH ssproduociated with the development of which kind of cancer?

Answer 17

SCLC

Question 18

Symptoms associated with Cachexia?

Answer 18

anorexia, malabsorption, generalized wasting, fever

TNF-alpha

Question 19

Cancer associated with hypercalcemia from parathyroid-like hormone release?

Answer 19

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Question 20

Cancer associated with hypercoagulability syndromes?

Answer 20

Pancreatic Cancer (migrating thrombophlebitis)

Question 21

Four famous tumor markers

Answer 21

CEA
alpha-fetoprotein
PSA
CA-125

Question 22

Whats the point of staging a tumor?

Answer 22

Assessing the degree of invasion and metastasis.

Question 23

Whats the point of grading a tumor?

Answer 23

Assess the degree of differentiation

Higher score = more dedifferentiated = worse progn.