TSM 1.16

Question 1

what are the two phases of pain?

Answer 1

• dull, throbbing pain

- sharp, instant pain

Question 2

what receptors are for pain perception?

Answer 2

nociceptors

Question 3

what kind of pain fibres are A-delta?

Answer 3

• sharp and fast

Question 4

what kind of pain fibres are c-fibres?

Answer 4

• dull and slow

Question 5

what kind of stimulation does a-delta fibres respond to?

Answer 5

mechanical stimulation

Question 6

what kind of pain stimulation does c-fibres respond to?

Answer 6

mechanical and chemical

Question 7

which lamina does A-delta fibres synapse with?

Answer 7

1 and 5

Question 8

which lamina does c-fibres synapse with?

Answer 8

1 and 2

Question 9

what is periaqueductal grey matter?

Answer 9

• primary control centre fo descending pain modulation

Question 10

what kind of cells are in the periaqueductal grey matter?

Answer 10

enkephalin producing cells that suppress pain

Question 11

what is the locus coeruleus?

Answer 11

• nucleus in the pons of brainstem

Question 12

what does locus coeruleus respond to?

Answer 12

stress and panic

Question 13

what does locus coeruleus synthesize?

Answer 13

norepinephrine

Question 14

where is raphe nucleus found?

Answer 14

brain stem

Question 15

what is the function fo raphe nucleus?

Answer 15

release serotonin to the rest of the brain

Question 16

where does the projections of raphe nucleus terminate?

Answer 16

dorsal horn of spinal grey matter

Question 17

what does the projections of raphe nucleus do?

Answer 17

regulate release of enkephalins

Question 18

what is peripheral senitisation?

Answer 18

• lower threshold of pain
• nociceptors become sensitised –> more sensitive
• trigger pain response from stimuli which normall do not provoke pain

Question 19

what is central senitisation?

Answer 19

• sensitisation within soinal cord and brain

Question 20

where does central sensitisation occur?

Answer 20

• spinal cord
• thalamus
• amygdala
• anterior cingulate cortex

Question 21

what does AMPA do?

Answer 21

allow sodium into the cell

Question 22

what does NMDA do?

Answer 22

less distinctice therefore they let any positive charge across membrane

Question 23

what does sensitisation mean in terms of receptors?

Answer 23

more receptors therefore lower stimulus can trigger pain pathway

Question 24

what is the gated theory of pain?

Answer 24

• non-painful stimulus closes the gates to painful stimulus

Question 25

what does A-alpha and A-beta sense for?

Answer 25

pressure and touch

Question 26

what does A-alpha and A-beta do on gated theory of pain?

Answer 26

inhibit c-fibres and a-delta

Question 27

what does primary somatosensory cortex do in terms of pain perception?

Answer 27

• localisation of pain

- discriminative component

Question 28

which part of thalamus will send information to somatosensory cortex?

Answer 28

• ventral posteromedial

- ventral posterolateral

Question 29

what is phantom limb pain?

Answer 29

when the feeling of an amptated or missing limb is still attached