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Biochemistry > Tricarboxylic Acid Cycling > Flashcards

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycling Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

Energy currency of the cell

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2
Q

What supplies ATP?

A

Carbs/Lipids/Proteins

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3
Q

What uses ATP?

A

Muscle contraction, active ion transport, biosynthesis, detoxification and thermogenesis

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4
Q

How much ATP does one heartbeat use?

A

2% / heart beat

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5
Q

Why is it important that the heart regenerates its ATP?

A

If the heart couldn’t regenerate its ATP then all of its ATP would be depleted in less than one minute

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6
Q

How does the heart produce ATP?

A

Oxidative phopsphorylation, this is why a blockage in the C.A is so problematic

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7
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic glycolysis, which creates more ATP and how much does each type make?

A

Aerobic glycolysis makes more, 36 ATP/glucose (aerobic), 2 ATP/glucose (anaerobic)

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8
Q

Which tissues use anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Tissues with low O2 or no mitochondria, or hypoxic tissues

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9
Q

What does lactate in the blood indicate?

A

Poor tissue perfusion

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10
Q

What does too much lactate cause?

A

Acidosis

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11
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Substrate for the TCA cycle

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12
Q

2 phases of energy metabolism

A
  • Oxidation of fuels to get it to Acetyl CoA

- Generation of ATP via TCA and ETC

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13
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of O2

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14
Q

Tissue hypoxia

A

Cell death in that area

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15
Q

What occurs with tissue hypoxia?

A

Na+/K+ pump no longer works, increased Na+ in the cell, Ca2+ can infiltrate the cell, H2O follows in, cellular swelling, leads to formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, programs cells to die

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16
Q

Cyanide

A

Blocks O2 utilization, prevents energy generation and shuts cells down

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17
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the …

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

Aerobic glycolysis occurs in the …

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

Mitochondria are …

A

The powerhouse of the cell

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20
Q

Mitochondria (function)

A

Produce energy, also the site of the TCA cycle and the ETC

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21
Q

Outer membrane of the mitochondria is …

A

Permeable to small ions

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22
Q

Inner membrane of the mitochondria is …

A

Impermeable so that the H+ gradient can be maintained to drive the synthesis of ATP

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23
Q

TCA cycle occurs in the …

A

Matrix of the mitochondria (creates electrons which are taken to the ETC, as electrons shuttled through enzymes, H+ is brought in between inner and outer membrane space and they build up until they can be forced through the ATP synthase, this provides energy needed to make the ATP

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24
Q

TCA cycle is also known as

A

Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondria

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25
Q

What is the link between glycolysis and the TCA cycle?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex, PDC converts the two 3-C pyruvate molecyles generated from one molecule of glucose by glycolysis to the 2-C acetyl CoA. O2 is the ticket for entry into the TCA cycle to generate ATP more efficiently

26
Q

Oxidation and reduction

A

Reactions that drive energy generation

27
Q

How is ATP produced from ADP?

A

NAD+ and FAD reduced in the TCA cycle and then regenerated by oxidation in the ETC, electrons shuttled and H+ pumped, helps turn ADP –> ATP

28
Q

NADH dehydrogenase

A

Pulls electron and H+’s off of NADH

29
Q

Cyanide poisoning

A

Binds where O2 should be on the heme group, binds tighter than O2, everything backs up, no energy produced and person dies

30
Q

Complex II

A

Part of the TCA cycle, where FADH2 drops off electrons

31
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Take pyruvate and turn it to Acetyl CoA which is the substrate for the TCA cycle, if it can’t go to Acetyl CoA, its reduced to lactate, lactic acid builds up and causes acidosis

32
Q

OXPHOS disease

A

Involve mutations in DNA that code for mitochondrial proteins

33
Q

Which tissues are most affected by OXPHOS diseases?

A

CNS and muscles (highest ATP requirement)

34
Q

All mitochondrial DNA/ mitochondria come from …?

A

Mother

35
Q

In the absence of O2, pyruvate becomes …

A

Lactate

36
Q

What are oxidation/reduction reactions used for?

A

Regenerate electron transferring molecules in the mitochondria (need oxygen) If done anaerobically, reactions can only be reduced if pyruvate –> lactate

37
Q

Why might tissues not have mitochondria?

A

They may interfere with their function

38
Q

RBC’s don’t have mitochondria because …

A

of their function in O2 transport. RBC’s get their energy from anaerobic glycolysis

39
Q

Tissues in the eye don’t have mitochondria because …

A

Need to be free from light deflecting structures

40
Q

Causes of lactic acidosis

A
  • Tissues that use aerobic glycolysis are now unable to
  • Poor perfusion
  • Cyanide/CO block cytochrome P450
  • Genetic defects
  • Deficiencies/inhibition of TCA cycle
  • Decreased oxidation of NADH and FAD(2H) in ETC
41
Q

Why are fatty acids the best energy source?

A

Have lots of carbons, which contain lots of energy, main source of energy during fasting

42
Q

Why is it called “beta-oxidation”?

A

Bond is cut @ the beta bond, creates a 2-carbon Acetyl CoA molecules that can enter the TCA cycle

43
Q

In the last mile of a marathon you would be using _____ as your source of energy because you’ve used up your carbs, and you have more of these stored.

A

Fatty acids

44
Q

Pathways of glucose turning into pyruvate?

A
  • turn into acetyl coA which needs an enzyme to enter TCA cycle
  • if that pathway is shut off it will be turned into lactate b/c the NADH buckets are filled with electrons that need to be emptied
45
Q

perfusion

A

getting oxygen to tissue

46
Q

Things that interfere with oxygen distribution can cause

A

life or death situations

47
Q

How is energy created

A

protons build up and push through to get through; requires oxygen to keep electrons shuttling and enzymes that keep the TCA cycle running

48
Q

Where does TCA occur

A

mitochondria

49
Q

What molecule is the ticket for TCA cycle?

A

oxygen

50
Q

What happens if there is no oxygen for TCA?

A

turns into lactate

51
Q

loss of electrons

A

oxidation (gain of O)

52
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction (loss of O)

53
Q

Are NAD+ and NADH reduced or oxidized in the TCA cycle?

A

reduced (lose O, gain electron)

54
Q

Electron transport chain is known as

A

oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

Is complex 2 apart of electron transport

A

no

56
Q

What is complex 2?

A

start of TCA cycle

57
Q

Glycolysis role

A

generate energy

58
Q

Glycolysis is present in

A

all cell types who have glycolytic enzymes

- can function with or without oxygen

59
Q

How is ATP produced in glycolysis

A

by substrate level phosphorylation

60
Q

Product of glycolysis and its function

A

pyruvate can go on to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Biochemistry (22 decks)

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