Intro To Bio Chemistry

Question 1

biochemistry

Answer 1

the study of life at the molecular level, examining the chemistry of living organisms

Question 2

what are the major biomolecules?

Answer 2

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 3

elements studied in biochemistry

Answer 3

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur

Question 4

why is carbon the basis of life?

Answer 4

it can make 4 bonds and create many different compounds

Question 5

hydrophilic

Answer 5

attracted to water

Question 6

hydrophobic

Answer 6

water fearing

Question 7

electronegativity

Answer 7

a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons (more +ve inside means stronger pull on -vely charged atoms)

Question 8

proteins

Answer 8

made up of amino acids that contain nitrogen in addition to C, H, and O having similar structures w/ diff. side chains

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

consist of C, H, and O molecules and are simple sugars such as glucose, fructose and galactose (disaccharide are sucrose, lactose and polysaccharides are starch)

Question 10

lipids

Answer 10

composed of fatty acids and glycerol, containing less oxygen than carbs or proteins and are more “reduced” for higher NRG yield when oxidized

Question 11

nucleic acids

Answer 11

consist of a sugar, base (nitrogen-containing molecule) and a phosphate molecule; important for understanding hoe genetic info. is passed from one cell to another

Question 12

protein structure

Answer 12

for structure in the body, important to allow for catalysis, protection, transporting nutrients, controlling body processes, providing energy

Question 13

nucleic acids and information

Answer 13

DNA supplies the info. to create protein molecules which govern biochemical processes; while DNA is passed on from parents, epigenetics may change how much of these proteins are produced

Question 14

energy

Answer 14

derived from foods we consume (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc.) and the nutrients are oxidized to H2O and CO2 to provide ATP energy

Question 15

fuel metabolism

Answer 15

we must take in all the raw materials to synthesize what our cells need

Question 16

metabolism

Answer 16

the sum of all catabolic and anabolic processes

Question 17

catabolism

Answer 17

the breakdown of larger molecules

Question 18

anabolism

Answer 18

the synthesis of large molecules from small

Question 19

energy currency of the cell

Answer 19

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 20

role of nutrients and oxygen in energy

Answer 20

nutrients supply the fuel, but oxygen is required for efficient energy generation (energy can be produced anaerobically as well)

Question 21

ATP cycle

Answer 21

ATP is produced through the oxidation of dietary fuels, the high NRG phosphate bond is broken to supply energy, and ADP is regenerated to ATP and the cycle repeats

Question 22

fed & fasted states

Answer 22

we need a constant supply of energy but we are not always eating, we can survive for extended periods w/o food by using stored supplies (insulin and glucagon control the processes of fuel storage and breakdown)

Question 23

reactive oxygen species

Answer 23

generated as a byproduct of metabolism, introduced through exposure to environmental pollutants from diet, many chronic diseases are a result of oxidative stress b/c of excess ROS/RNOS