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Biochemistry > Overview of metabolism > Flashcards

Overview of metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

tissues may be specialized for

A

storage function, anabolism (liver), or waster removal (kidney)

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2
Q

What products are transported through the body by the _____ system?

A

hormones, nutrients, waste products, ciruclatory

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3
Q

products of digestion go to two place

A
  1. Liver (water-soluble)

2. Blood (through the lymphatic system - fat-soluble)

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4
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown, produces CO2 (must be removed)

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5
Q

Breakdown of proteins

A

produces nitrogen, must be disposed of

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6
Q

Anabolism

A

the buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones as a part of metabolism

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7
Q

Waste elimination

A
  1. Respiratory System - disposes of CO2
  2. Urinary System - eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  3. GI Tract - unabsorbed food are excreted
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8
Q

Urea production 1/3

A

Nitrogenous waster arise from catabolism of aa’s

  1. Can be due to thee conversion for storage Orr from muscle for gluconeogenesis
  2. Bacteria in the lumen of the gut produce NH4+, must be removed due to it being toxic
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9
Q

Urea production 2/3

A

Can be due to thee conversion for storage Orr from muscle for gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

Urea production 3/3

A

Bacteria in the lumen of the gut produce NH4+, must be removed due to it being toxic

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11
Q

Kidney function

A

excreted water, minerals, and metabolic wasters (urea) through the bladder

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12
Q

glomerulus

A

tubules that will reabsorb water and solutes into the blood

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13
Q

The kidney controls ____ in order to what?

A

excretion in order to maintain homeostasis (RAAS)

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14
Q

fasting values of glucose

A

3.3-5.8 mm/L

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15
Q

_____ ____ in the blood must maintain constant in order for what to occur?

A

glucose levels to keep body processes functioning by supplying energy

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16
Q

metabolization of different substances

A

differ depending on how long it has been since a meal

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17
Q

Fed state

A

insulin dominates, after a meal, from the beginning to the end of absorption

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18
Q

Glucose in the fed state

A

Blood glucose levels rise, increasing insulin levels, decreasing glucagon

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19
Q

the liver will do what will the glucose in the fed state?

A

will use for immediate energy and replenish glycogen stores, stores some triglycerides

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20
Q

What occurs to the remaining glucose?

A

delivered to all the tissues, universal fuel source

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21
Q

Lipoproteins in the fed state

A

VLDL’s formed by the liver with triglycerides, protein, and cholesterol, for transport through the blood

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22
Q

chylomicrons

A

source of lipoproteins from the diet, formed in the intestines

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23
Q

Where do the triglycerides in VLDLs come from?

A

Source is from excess carbs and proteins that have been converted for storage

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24
Q

aa’s are used where to make what?

A

in the liver to make blood and liver proteins, can be used as precursors form DNA, RNA, heme, hormones and neurotransmitters (N-containing compounds)

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25
Q

tissues can use aa’s fo what

A

biosynthetic pathways

26
Q

adipose tissue

A

used for long-term storage

27
Q

fasted state

A

decrease in glucose levels, decrease in insulin, increase in glucagon

28
Q

when does thee fasting state begin?

A

2 hrs after a meal due to blood glucose levels returning to fasting levels

29
Q

how does the liver respond to the hormonal signals to control BGL?

A

glucagon signals the need for glycogenolysis so blood levels doo not fall too low

30
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

31
Q

glucogenesis

A

non-carbohydrate sources to produce glucose

32
Q

what are the only thing that can use glucose as fuel?

A

RBC and brain

33
Q

Why can RBC and brain only use glucose for fuel?

A

because they lack mitochondria

34
Q

preferred fuel substrate for the brain and neural tissue

A

glucose

35
Q

fuel control center during fasting

A

liver

36
Q

liver can produce glucose from

A

glycogenolysis or glucogenosgeneesis

37
Q

what dictates the glucose proportions?

A

fasting time

38
Q

what supply is exhausted first in energy retrieval

A

glycogen soured in the liver, limited source

39
Q

what can b used as precursors for glucose?

A

glycerol, lactate and amino acids

40
Q

timeline of the metabolic process of the liver

A

glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

41
Q

Lipolysis

A

occurs at the same Tim as glycogenolysis, adipose triglycerides are broken down, yeieelding glycerol (for gluconeognesis) and freee fatty aids

42
Q

muscles and other tissues will use what during fasting

A

fatty acids or Kenton bodies (mainly produced by the liver)

43
Q

brain will us what during fasting

A

glucose (as will RNC, produced by gluconeogenesis)

44
Q

prolonged fasting (starvation)

A

body must change its fuel metabolism as fasting continues, not allowing muscle wasting, muscle will increase its use of fatty acids as fuel, decrease use of ketone bodies

45
Q

brain will do what during starvation

A

use greater % of ketone bodies for its needs so gluconeognesis slows, sparing muscle

46
Q

40% of body weight

A

lost during starvation, death may occur

47
Q

BMI in starved individuals

A

11 for women

13 for men

48
Q

% of protein loss in starvation

A

30-50

49
Q

% of fat loss in starvation

A

70-95

50
Q

what can be used to secure the metabolic state of the individual?

A

blood and urine levels

51
Q

change in fuel usage in prolonged fast in the brain

A

increased use of ketone bodies, decreased use of glucose

52
Q

change in fuel usage in prolonged fast in the liver

A

decreased gluconeogenesis, decreased production of urea

53
Q

change in fuel usage in prolonged fast in the muscle

A

decreased use of ketone bodies, decrease protein degradation

54
Q

fuels are what?

A

carbs, fats and proteins which get stored

55
Q

Where are ketone bodies made?

A

in the liver

56
Q

Are ketone bodies used in the liver?

A

no

57
Q

What effect do ketone bodies have?

A

acidic and drop pH

58
Q

in protein fasting what source is used?

A

gluconeogenesis

59
Q

Urea excretion: if someone is in the fed state are they creating more or less urea and why?

A

creating less urea b/c they are not using proteins

60
Q

What is the time when we have used up alot of glycogen and gluconeogenesis is picking up?

A

12 hrs

61
Q

3 days starving?

A

enough ketone bodies to use less amino acids and more ketones for brain

62
Q

5-6 week starving

A

not enough of anything

Biochemistry (22 decks)

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