Proteins and their digestion

Question 1

Where do proteins begin to breakdown?

Answer 1

in the stomach (other than the mechanical breakdown by the teeth)

Question 2

What enzyme is released in the stomach to breakdown proteins?

Answer 2

pepsin

Question 3

(suffix) -ogen

Answer 3

zymogen form

Question 4

prefix -pro

Answer 4

zymogen form

Question 5

HCL is released by ______ and its job is

Answer 5

gastric partial cells, denatures the proteins to make them easier for pepsin to cleave

Question 6

pepsinogen

Answer 6

secreted by child cells in the stomach, zymogen form of pepsin, HCL converts into pepsin

Question 7

Pepsinogen + H+ —–>

Answer 7

Pepsin

Question 8

Trypsinogen + enteropeptidase —->

Answer 8

Trypsin

Question 9

Chymotrypsinogen + Trypsin —->

Answer 9

Chymotrypsin

Question 10

Proelastase + Trypsin —->

Answer 10

Elastase

Question 11

Procarboxypeptidases + trypsin —->

Answer 11

Carboxypeptidases

Question 12

Pancreas secretes what so what can function?

Answer 12

secretes enzymes and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme so the enzymes can function

Question 13

Pancreatic proteases are all release as _______ so they _____

Answer 13

zymogens, don’t digest each other

Question 14

activated enzymes in the intestine causes what

Answer 14

proteins to be broken down into di- and tai-peptides

Question 15

Enzymes are specific. This means that they

Answer 15

will only digest individual aa’s, each has specificity for peptide bonds between different aa’s in the polypeptide chains

Question 16

what finishes proteolytic cleavage to aa’s

Answer 16

exopeptidase (in the brush border within the intestinal cells)

Question 17

absorption of aa’s

Answer 17

by secondary active transport with sodium ions

Question 18

how many different amino acid transporters are there?

Answer 18

6

Question 19

proteins is the only macronutrient that contains?

Answer 19

Nitrogen

Question 20

we can or cannot store extra protein

Answer 20

cannot

Question 21

all protein is

Answer 21

functional protein

Question 22

blood collection tube colours

Answer 22

red and lavender

Question 23

red tops

Answer 23

contains no anticoagulant - used for serum

Question 24

Lavender tops

Answer 24

contain K+ salt of RRDTA - chelates Ca+, does not allow blood to coagulate, used for plasma or whole blood

Question 25

Whole blood

Answer 25

red fluid drawn from our veins, contain anticoagulant (plasma) or not (serum)

Question 26

Plamsa

Answer 26

Protein-containing fluid portion of blood, after centrifugation to remove red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 27

Serum

Answer 27

Clear fluid left after blood is allowed to clot and then centrifuged - plasma minus the blood clotting proteins

Question 28

Albumin

Answer 28

most abundant blood protein, made in the LIVER (as are many other blood proteins), 60% of total plasma protein, contributes 70-80% of total osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 29

Albumin bind to what in many drugs?

Answer 29

fatty acids

Question 30

low albumin levels (malnutrition or cirrhosis of the liver )

Answer 30

drug dosage will need adjusted since the effects the amount of free drug in the body as well as half-life of the drug

Question 31

Amino acid metabolism is more complicated than lipid and carbs because

Answer 31

amino acids contain nitrogen

Question 32

nitrogens jobs

Answer 32

used to make new proteins, broken down for energy, make nucleic acids, neurotransmitters and any nitrogen-containing substances in our bodies

Question 33

nitrogen intake = nitrogen output

Answer 33

nitrogen balance, total body protein does not change

Question 34

Nitrogen intake < Nitrogen output

Answer 34

Negative nitrogen balance, total body protein decreases

Question 35

Nitrogen intake > Nitrogen output

Answer 35

positive nitrogen balance, total body protein increases

Question 36

amino acid transporters

Answer 36

have specificity for similar charged for neutral aa’s - each aa is usually transported by more than one carrrier

Question 37

what alongside of dietary proteins will be digested?

Answer 37

Shed intestinal cells and the actual enzymes (make up for a substantial portion off the absorbed aa’s)

Question 38

Where do amino acids travel to after being taken up?

Answer 38

to the liver to be distributed for protein synthesis

Question 39

proteins are constantly being ______ and ______, using a number of different enzymes

Answer 39

broken down, re-synthesized

Question 40

a number of aa’s are ________ aa’s, must be take in the diet

Answer 40

essential

Question 41

if _____ aa’s are not absorbed from the diet what will be broken down to provide them?

Answer 41

muscle protein