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Biochemistry > Alcohol Metabolism > Flashcards

Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase

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2
Q

alanine aminotransferase

A

converts alanine to pyruvate

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3
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase

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4
Q

Asparate aminotransferase

A

if high levels are found means liver damage

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5
Q

moderate alcohol consumption

A

1 drink/day for women

1-2 drinks/day for men

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6
Q

Beneficial factors to moderate alcohol consumption

A

Increased HDL cholesterol

decreased LDL cholesterol oxidation, blood clotting, platelet aggregation, homocysteine, cell aggregation

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7
Q

Detrimental factors from excessive alcohol consumption

A

Increased acetaldehyde, oxidative stress, triglycerides, cell aggregation, active species
Decreased HDL cholesterol

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8
Q

Standard drink sizes

A

12 oz beer, 8 oz Malt liquor, 5 oz wine, 1.5 oz liquor

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9
Q

Excessive alcohol includes:

A
  1. Binge drinking - women 4+ drinks, men 5+ drinks consumed at one occasion
  2. Heavy Drinking - W 8+ drinks/week, men 15+ drinks/week
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10
Q

How is ethanol metabolized?

A

Mainly by Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes in the cytosol of the liver

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11
Q

what is the product of alcohol metabolism?

A

toxic acetaldehyde

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12
Q

ALDH

A

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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13
Q

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme in the liver that converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid in alcohol metabolism

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14
Q

ALDH converts what, where, into what

A

Converts toxic acetaldehyde in the mitochondria to non-toxic acetate, which can be used by the muscle and other tissues as fuel

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15
Q

What can non-toxic acetate be converted into?

A

acetyl CoA

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16
Q

MEOS system full name and contribution

A

a.k.a. microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. part of the cytochrome P450 system of enzymes

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17
Q

MEOS system enzymes are embedded where and are what?

A

in the membrane of the ER and are inducible

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18
Q

The MEOS system is used when there are high or low levels of alcohol consumed?

A

High, free radicles are generated and it can interfere with drug metabolism

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19
Q

MEOS are what kind of enzymes

A

CYP (cytochrome P450)

20
Q

What occurs due to binge drinking?

A

fat deposits will begin to develop

21
Q

most drugs will cause what when taken during alcohol consumption

A

metabolism inhibition (ethanol induced)

22
Q

if one takes 3x the suggested dose of Tylenol during alcohol consumption what will occur?

A

ethanol induced, acceleration of metabolism

23
Q

Drinking excess amounts of alcohol involves what systems?

A

ADH and MEOS

24
Q

oxidation of alcohol in liver cells causes what?

A

NADH/NAD+ ratio to rise

25
Q

alcohol increases …

A

lipolysis

26
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of fat

27
Q

__ ___ _____ is inhibited by the NADH in the liver causing what?

A

fatty acid oxidation, fat build up in the liver

28
Q

excessive drinking causes an individual to produce more …

A

MEOS enzymes (increased gene expression)

29
Q

alcohol effects on the frontal lobe 1

A

impairment of judgement

30
Q

alcohol effects in the midbrain 2

A

speech and vision centres are impaired

31
Q

alcohol effects in the cerebellum 3

A

hand-eye coordination and voluntary muscle function is impaired

32
Q

alcohol effects in the medulla oblongata

A

heart and respiration affected, may pass out

33
Q

alcohol induced hepatitis

A

when hepatocytes (liver cells) are damaged the transaminases (ALT + AST) are released into the bloodstream and are evidence of impaired liver function

34
Q

in alcohol induced hepatitis how will ammonia and albumin levels be altered

A

ammonia will be elevated

albumin will be lowered

35
Q

alcoholic hepatitis and fatty liver (steatosis) are

A

first steps in liver damage and are reversible

36
Q

progression of liver damage will lead to …

A

fibrosis and ending in cirrhosis, non-reversible

37
Q

responsibility of the liver

A

production of blood proteins (albumin), mineral-transporting proteins (transferrin), and proteins responsible for blood coagulation

38
Q

acetaminophen

A
  • normally tylenol is made more water soluble by other processes other than cytochrome P450
  • this is good b/c that is made by cytochrome P450 pathway is toxic
  • endogenous systems to detoxify small amounts generated
39
Q

Bringing alcohol into acetaminophen pathway

A
  • upregulating cytochrome P450
  • leads to liver damage
  • ethanol present you make more enzymes= more shuttled through minor pathway
40
Q

When can fat deposits be seen on the liver?

A

after one episode of binge drinking

  • destroy architecture of the liver and have problem detoxifying nitrogen
  • can be reserved
41
Q

what kind of agent is alcohol?

A

psychoagent

42
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

unconscious, slow respirations (less than 8) and cold, clammy or bluish skin

43
Q

alcohol is ingested and turned into what

A

acetaldehyde

44
Q

where does beta oxidation occur?

A

inside mitochondria

45
Q

NAD AND NADH effects

A
  • once the extra NADH is there, the TCA cycle will slow down (no NAD to take electrons to ETC)
  • nowhere for acetyl coA to go: can make ketones or fatty acids
46
Q

When acetyl coA turns back into fatty acids what happens?

A

fat deposits in liver

47
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

acetyl coA attaches to VLDL and goes out to bloodstream; sometimes it gets trapped and not go out

Biochemistry (22 decks)

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