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Psychology > Treatment of Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Canadians suffer from mental illness?

A

1 in 5

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2
Q

What percentage of mentally ill Canadians seek help?

A

40%, but 1 in 3 report needs being unmet or partially unmet

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3
Q

What’s the delay in seeking treatment after onset of mental disorder?

A

A decade

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4
Q

Why do people fail to seek treatment?

A
  1. People may not realize they have a mental disorder that can be treated
  2. There may be barriers to treatment (beliefs and circumstances)
  3. Structural barriers prevent people from physically getting to treatment
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5
Q

People may not realize they have a mental disorder that can be treated

A
  • 45% of people think they do not need to be treated
  • Mental iIlness often are not taken as serious as
    physical illnesses
  • Misunderstanding that mental illness can be
    treated; unsure what treatment looks like
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6
Q

Barriers to treatment (beliefs and circumstances)

A
  • Belief they should be able to handle things themselves
  • Belief that problem is not severe
  • Belief that treatment would be ineffective
  • Perceived stigma from others
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7
Q

Structural barriers to getting treatment

A
  • Affordability of treatment
  • Lack of clinician availability
  • Inconvenience of attending treatment
  • Trouble finding transport to the appointments
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8
Q

Psychologist

A

PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology, training in therapy, assessment of psychological disorders, and research

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9
Q

Psychiatrist

A

MD with training in assessment and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication

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10
Q

Clinical social worker

A

MA in Social Work and training; clinical or psychiatric social workers receive specialized training

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11
Q

Counselor

A

MA or PhD with specialized training; lots of variety

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12
Q

Psychological treatment

A

People interact w/ a clinician to use environment to change their brain and behaviour

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13
Q

Biological treatment

A

Brain is treated directly with drugs, surgery, or direct

intervention

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14
Q

Treatments we’ve moved away from

A
  • Hydrotherapy (pouring cold water on people w/ mental
    disorders)
    – Trephination (drilling holes to let evil spirits escape)
    – Bloodletting (removal of blood from the body)
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15
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Interaction between a clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with goal of providing
support or relief for the problem

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16
Q

Most common types of psychotherapy

A
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic/existential
  • Behavioural cognitive therapies
  • Group therapies
  • Eclectic psychotherapy
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17
Q

Eclectic psychotherapy

A

Drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy depending on client and the problem

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18
Q

Psychodynamic therapies

A

Explore childhood events and encourage individuals to develop insight into psychological problems; encourages clients to bring repressed conflicts into
consciousness so they can understand them and reduce their unwanted influences

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19
Q

What goes on in psychodynamic therapy sessions?

A
  • Four/five sessions a week for 3-6 years
    – Client faces away from analyst and is asked to express thoughts
    and feelings that come to mind
    – Therapist may comment, but does not express values orjudgments
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20
Q

What happens in psychoanalysis?

A
  • Free association
  • Dream analysis
  • Interpretation
  • Analysis of resistance
  • Transference
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21
Q

Free association

A

Client reports every thought that enters their mind

without censorship or filtering; stream of consciousness

22
Q

Dream analysis

A

Dreams as metaphors for unconscious conflicts or

wishes that contain clues that the therapist can help the client understand

23
Q

Interpretation

A

Therapist deciphers meaning behind what clients says/does

24
Q

Analysis of resistance

A

Therapist suggests an interpretation client finds unacceptable; resistance is sign on the right track

25
Q

Transference

A

Analyst begins to assume a major role in client’s life

and clients reacts based on unconscious childhood fantasies; analyst then responds to it

26
Q

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

A
  • Focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
    – No free association or interpretation
    – Therapists talk to clients about interpersonal feelings and behaviours
    – Look for signs of grief, role disputes, role transitions, or interpersonal deficits
    – Therapy is less intensive; few months once a week
27
Q

Goal of IPT

A

Relief from symptoms

28
Q

How effective are psychodynamic techniques?

A

– Less effective than other methods

– Aspects of therapy may be harmful (e.g., interpretations that threaten client-patient relationship)

29
Q

Humanistic/existential therapies

A
  • Emphasize natural tendency for each individual to
    strive for personal improvement
  • Issues stem from feelings of alienation and
    loneliness; failures to reach one’s potential (humanistic) or meaning in life (existential)
30
Q

Types of humanistic/existental therapies

A
  • Person-centered therapy (humanistic)

– Gestalt therapy (existential)

31
Q

Person-centered therapy

A
  • Individuals have a tendency toward growth; facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
  • Client creates own goals for therapy; with enough support the client will recognize the right thing to do
  • Three basic qualities: congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard
32
Q

Congruence

A

Openness/honesty across all matters of discussion

33
Q

Empathy

A

Understand what the client is feeling/thinking; seeing the world from their perspective to appreciate concerns

34
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Nonjudgmental, warm, and accepting environment

35
Q

Gestalt therapy

A
  • Help the client become aware of his or her thoughts,
    behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to take
    responsibility
  • Encouraged to be warm toward their clients but reflect back to client their impressions
  • Use technique of focusing: asking them to think about how a past experience makes them immediately feel
  • Use of role-playing to imagine how another person would respond
36
Q

Behavioural and cognitive therapies

A

Actively changing a person’s current thoughts and

behaviours as a way to decrease or eliminate their psychopathology

37
Q

Types of behavioural/cognitive therapies

A
  • Behavioural therapy
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
38
Q

Behavioural therapy

A

Assumes disordered behaviour is learned; symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours. Three techniques: eliminating unwanted behaviours, promoting desired behaviours, and reducing unwanted emotional responses.

39
Q

Eliminating unwanted behaviours

A

Behaviour is influenced by its consequences
– Problem behaviour could be eliminated by making
consequences less reinforcing and more punishing

40
Q

Promoting desired behaviours

A

Use of token economies (tokens for desired behaviours which can be used for rewards)

41
Q

Reducing unwanted emotional responses

A

Use of exposure therapy (confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, leading to a decrease in the emotional response)
– Live exposure is better than imaginary exposure
– Use of exposure hierarchies

42
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

  • Technique of cognitive restructuring
  • Mindfulness meditation
43
Q

Technique of cognitive restructuring

A

Teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions and replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

44
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; be aware of thoughts, feelings, sensations; detect symptoms before they become a problem

45
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A
  • Most helpful for treating anxiety and depression
  • Acknowledges there are behaviours that people
    cannot control with rational thought, but there are
    ways to help people think more rationally
  • Transparent, problem focused and action orientated
  • Client is expected to do things: exercises, practice
    behaviour change skills, use a diary to monitor
    symptoms
46
Q

Couples therapy

A

Married, cohabitating, or dating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems arising in the relationship; problem is the relationship not individual person

47
Q

Family therapy

A

Psychotherapy with members of a family; client is the family

48
Q

Group therapy

A

Multiple participants (who don’t know each other) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere; common for substance abuse or addictions

49
Q

Self-help and support groups

A

Discussion groups that focus on a particular disorder or difficult life experience; run by peers that have struggled with the same issues; for both the person suffering and the support people

50
Q

Biological treatments traditionally

A
  • Theriac: different ingredients, including opium!

– Use of cocaine, but negative side effects led to removed use

51
Q

Biological treatments now

A

Target specific neurotransmitters in the brain associated w/ the cause of mental disorders

Psychology (28 decks)

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