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Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological science

A

the study of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Behaviour

A

Observable actions

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3
Q

Lin Xie

A

Tested vulnerability to distraction

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4
Q

Ancient Egypt - Edwin Smith Papyrus

A

Includes early descriptions of the brain and how it works

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5
Q

Judeo-Christian tradition - Dead Sea Scrolls

A

Note the division of human nature into two temperaments

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6
Q

India

A

An elaborate theory of ‘the self’ in the Vedanta philosophical writings.

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7
Q

Medieval Muslim physicians

A

Developed methods aimed to treat patients suffering from “diseases of the mind”

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8
Q

Nativism (Plato)

A

Children have a predisposition to do certain things (nature)

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9
Q

Philosophical empiricism (Aristotle)

A

A child’s mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) - nurture

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10
Q

Descartes

A

The mind and body are fundamentally different things

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11
Q

Dualism

A

How do the mind and body communicate with each other? Descartes thought it was through the pineal gland.

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12
Q

What did Hobbes argue?

A

That the mind and body are NOT different, and the mind is the product of brain activity

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13
Q

Gall

A

Thought that brains and minds were linked by size, and that the size of bumps and indentations on the skull tell us about the brain region under them..

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14
Q

Phrenology (Gall)

A

Specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain

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15
Q

Flourens

A

Removed parts of animal brains to see how actions and movements differed compared to animals with intact brains

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16
Q

Broca

A

Studied a patient with damage to the left side of his brain (Broca’s area); he could understand language but couldn’t produce it

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17
Q

Wundt

A

Soul was irrelevant. Psychology must focus on physically observable phenomena and analyzing consciousness (subjective experience of the world and mind)

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18
Q

Structuralism (Wundt)

A

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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19
Q

Introspection

A

The subjective observation of one’s own experience

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20
Q

Titchener

A

Brought structuralism to US

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21
Q

William James

A

Believed that structuralism distorted the true nature of consciousness

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22
Q

Functionalism (James)

A

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

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23
Q

Who + what inspired functionalism?

A

Charles Darwin and natural selection - our mental abilities must exist the way they are because they are adaptive

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24
Q

Hysteria

A

Temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as the result of emotionally upsetting experiences. Stemmed from repressed painful memories and suggested existence of subconscious.

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25
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors

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26
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness. Aims to link childhood experiences, dreams and fantasies

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27
Q

Maslow and Rogers

A

Humanistic psychology

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28
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

Emphasizes the positive potential of human beings and focuses on self-actualization. Humanistic therapists seek to help people reach their full potential.

29
Q

Behaviourism (John B Watson)

A

Challenged idea that psychology should focus on mental activity (must be objective, not subjective) and involved analyzing human and animal behaviour.

30
Q

John B Watson

A

Goal of psychology should be to predict and control behaviours in ways that benefit society. He was inspired by Pavlov, who focused on stimulus-response learning - like animals, humans elicit responses from stimuli.

31
Q

Little Albert

A

Conditioned by Watson to fear white rat and eventually all furry things

32
Q

Skinner

A

Was interested in learning and believed that free will is an illusion.

33
Q

Concept of reinforcement (Skinner)

A

Organisms repeat behaviors that generate pleasant results and avoid behaviors that produce unpleasant results

34
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Emphasized that we often see the whole rather than the sum of its parts - humans are programmed to see patterns.

35
Q

Emergence

A

Image emerges from background

36
Q

Reification

A

Group stimuli into meaningful entities

37
Q

Multistability

A

Back and forth between 2 or more interpretations

38
Q

Invariance

A

Simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation and scale

39
Q

Cognitive revolution (50s-70s)

A

The movement that deposed behaviorism. Beginnings can be traced to WWII

40
Q

Who coined the term cognitive psychology?

A

Ulric Neisser

41
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. Focuses on processing information.

42
Q

How does cognitive psychology differ from previous psychological approaches?

A
  1. It accepts the use of the scientific method, and generally rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation.
  2. It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states
43
Q

What led to the boom in cognitive psychology?

A

Computers and advancing technology. Cognitive psychologists believed that the brain is like computer hardware and the mind is like computer software; began programming software to mimic human language.

44
Q

Miller

A

Capacity limits in memory - he tested immediate memory via tasks such as asking a person to repeat a set of digits presented

45
Q

Broadbent

A

Interested in limits of human multitasking

46
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

Links psychological processes to physiology - where the mind meets the brain.

47
Q

Lashley

A

Trained rats to run mazes and then removed sections of their brains to identify the centre of learning.

48
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Records brain activation during cognitive processing and relies on imaging + electrophysiological measures (EEG, MRI, PET, fMRI)

49
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Looks at adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection - brain is hardwired to be better at solving problems our ancestors faced.

50
Q

Why do females find certain male traits attractive?

A

Evolutionary goal: increased reproduction. Testosterone is linked to higher reproductive success and influences certain physical features during maturation, which are more attractive during ovulation.

51
Q

Casual sex

A
  • Every time a man has intercourse with a woman, he has a chance to increase his genetic heritage - advantageous to have multiple sexual partners.
  • It’s more advantageous for a woman to be sexually selective.
52
Q

Social psychology

A

A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

53
Q

Asch

A

Conducted studies that look at conformity in groups.

54
Q

Allport

A

Studied stereotyping and prejudice - they’re perceptual errors that emerge as a part of our tendency to categorize. Outside groups perceived as more homogeneous than the member’s own group.

55
Q

Glucksberg

A

Tested motivation using “the candle problem” - goal was to attach candle to wall without dripping wax on table.

56
Q

What were the results of Glucksberg’s experiment?

A

Reward helps motivate when it comes to mechanical + straightforward tasks, but narrow focus and limit creativity.

57
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. Studied by psychologists and anthropologists.

58
Q

Absolutionism

A

Culture makes little difference on psychology

59
Q

Relativism

A

Psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures

60
Q

Cross cultural mental health

A

The cultural and ethnic context of mental disorders their treatment.

61
Q

Wendigo psychosis

A
  • Reported in Northern Algonquin language group
  • Usually reported in winter
  • Poor appetite, nausea, vomiting
  • Delusions of being transformed into human flesh-eating Wendigo (preoccupation with cannibalism)
  • Linked to delusional paranoia
62
Q

Koro

A
  • China + Southeast Asia
  • Sexual organs retreat into body which led to premature death
  • Caused by unhealthy sex + tainted foods
  • Similar conditions in cultures with strong emphasis on fertility and procreation
63
Q

Amok

A
  • Brooding period, followed by violent behaviour
  • Amnesia after violent behaviour, followed by return to premorbid state
  • Malaysia
64
Q

Anorexia and bulimia

A
  • Impacted by Western ideal of female body type

- Girls from Fiji didn’t generally get EDs until exposure to sexy soap operas and seductive commercials

65
Q

Psychometrics

A

Development of psychological tests

66
Q

Personality psychology

A

How personality affects behaviour

67
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Intersection between law and psychology

68
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Usually applies to children

69
Q

Clinical psychology

A

How to treat mental illnesses

Psychology (28 decks)

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