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Psychology > Social Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Social behaviour

A

How people interact with one another

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2
Q

Ultrasocial

A

Form societies and divide labour, cooperate for mutual benefit

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3
Q

Problem of survival?

A

Hurting or helping behaviour

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4
Q

What’s the purpose of sociality?

A

To survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour with the purpose of harming another

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6
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Animals show aggression when their goals are frustrated (when they can’t achieve their goals)

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7
Q

Gender differences when it comes to aggression

A

Males aggress more, because aggression is strongly correlated with testosterone which is higher in males, young men, and violent criminals

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8
Q

How do you elicit aggression in males?

A

Challenge status or dominance, especially men with unrealistically high self-esteem; perceive others’ actions as a challenge to their inflated sense of worth

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9
Q

What about female aggression?

A
  • Premeditated aggression rather than impulsive
  • Focused on obtaining or protecting an actual resource
  • Aggress by causing social harm (covert aggression)
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10
Q

Role of culture in aggression

A
  • Important role
  • American context
  • Northern vs. Southern states; appealing to authority vs. reacting aggressively when status challenged
  • But Southerners were more polite when not challenged
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11
Q

Cooperation

A

Behaviour of two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit. But….requires we take a risk by benefiting those who have not yet benefited us and trusting them to do the same.

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12
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

You’re busted for doing something illegal with a friend and they bring you into separate rooms and interrogate you to see if either of you will rat the other out. You can cooperate with your friend or you don’t; or your friend may or may not cooperate with you.

E.g. You and your friend Tucker arrested for hacking in to a bank’s system and transferring money to yourselves; police aren’t sure who did the hacking; interrogated in separate rooms and asked to sign that other person did it

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13
Q

How do we know who to trust?

A

Some concepts that help us make sense of this:

  • Group
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
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14
Q

Group

A

Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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15
Q

Prejudice

A

Positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership. We’re positively prejudiced towards fellow members (ingroup; ingroup favoritism) and negatively prejudiced towards others (outgroup; outgroup derogation)

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

Positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on their group membership

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17
Q

Stereotypes

A

Cold (no emotion attached)/cognitive
Set of cognitive generalizations (i.e. beliefs) about characteristics shared by members of groups (can be positive or negative) (e.g. females are bad drivers)

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18
Q

Social psychology definition of prejudice

A 
Cognitive/affective (emotion attached)
Negative attitude (i.e. feeling) towards others because of their group membership (e.g. I don't like female drivers)
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19
Q

Social psychology definition of discrimination

A

Behaviour/action
Negative behaviours towards others because of their group membership (personal or institutional) (e.g. I would not hire a female driver)

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20
Q

What’s the problem with decision making in groups?

A

Higher weight to opinions from people of high status rather than experts

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21
Q

Common knowledge effect

A

Tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share (often unimportant); important info is only known to few (so often ignored)

22
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone; exposure to many opinions

23
Q

Groupthink

A

Tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

24
Q

Why do people in groups do bad things?

A
  • Deindividuation
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Social loafing
  • Bystander intervention
25
Q

Deindividuation

A

Immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with personal values

26
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

27
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

28
Q

Bystander intervention

A

Act of helping strangers in an emergency situation; less likely to help as size of group increases

29
Q

Altruism

A

Intentional behaviour that benefits another at a cost to oneself. Includes kin selection and reciprocal altruism.

30
Q

Kin selection

A

Process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

31
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (aka cooperation over time)

32
Q

Selectivity in mating

A

Women tend to be more selective than men

33
Q

Attraction

A

Involves situational factors, physical factors and psychological factors

34
Q

Situational factors in attraction

A

Best predictor of interpersonal relationships is proximity; involves mere exposure effect

35
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

36
Q

Physical factors in attraction

A

Attraction; role of physical appearances

37
Q

Psychological factors in attraction

A

Attracted to similar type people who share similar views as us because: easier to interact, agree on a wide range of issues, benefit of validation (confirmation we have right understanding of world), we like to be liked.

38
Q

Standards of beauty

A

Involves body shape, symmetry and age

39
Q

Body shape

A

Men: Inverted triangle (broad shoulders, narrow waist/hips)
Women: Hourglass (broad shoulders and hips, narrow waist)

40
Q

Symmetry

A

Bilateral symmetry - the more symmetrical, the better

41
Q

Age

A

Men: More attractive with mature features
Women: More attractive with youthful, childlike features

42
Q

Types of love

A

Passionate love and companionate love

43
Q

Passionate love

A

Experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, intense sexual attraction; brings people together, rapid onset, reaches its peak quickly, diminishes within few months

44
Q

Companionate love

A

Experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner’s well-being; keeps people together, grows slowly

45
Q

Divorce

A 
4 in 10 marriages in Canada end before couple celebrates 30th wedding anniversary
Marital satisfaction (how satisfied you are) is weakly correlated with marital stability (how long they've been married)
46
Q

Social exchange hypothesis

A

People remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits

47
Q

3 reasons people might stay in relationships longer than they should

A
  • Comparison level
  • Equity
  • Resources
48
Q

Comparison level

A

Cost-benefit ratio that people believe they could attain in a new relationship (is it worth the current relationship falling apart?)

49
Q

Equity

A

Cost-benefit ratios of two partners need to be equal; upset when ratios are different (both favourably/unfavourably)

50
Q

Resources

A

Once you’ve poured resources in, you’re likely to stick with it

Psychology (28 decks)

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