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Psychology > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to use one’s mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience

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2
Q

What was the original purpose of IQ tests?

A

Originally developed to help underprivileged children succeed in school

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3
Q

Binet and Simon

A

Their goal was to develop an objective test - an unbiased measure of child’s ability, independent of prior educational achievement.

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4
Q

What is the best way to see if a child is developing normally?

A

Examine ratio of child’s mental age to physical age - their intelligence quotient.

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5
Q

Ratio IQ

A

Mental age/physical age x 100

Only works with children b/c of smaller age range

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6
Q

Deviation IQ

A

person’s test/average score in age group x 100

Doesn’t work with children because they score the same as adults

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7
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (WISC for children)

A

Tested verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed

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8
Q

Verbal comprehension

A

How words relate to each other

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9
Q

Perceptual reasoning

A

Visual problem solving

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10
Q

Working memory test

A

How much info you can hold and manipulate

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11
Q

Processing speed

A

Detect visual details quickly

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12
Q

What does intelligence predict?

A

Excellent income
There’s a role of education (r = 0.5 between intelligence and academic performance)
Healthier/longer life

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13
Q

Spearman’s two factor theory

A

Person’s performance on a test is due to a combination of general ability (g) and skills that are specific (s) to the tests

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14
Q

What did Thurston claim?

A

No such thing as g; instead there’s a few stable mental abilities: primary mental abilities that are neither general or specific. There are 7 of them and they differ in strength between individuals.

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15
Q

Word fluency

A

Ability to solve anagrams/find rhymes

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16
Q

Numerical ability

A

Make mental and other numerical computations

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17
Q

Spatial visualization

A

Visualize complex shape in various orientations

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18
Q

Associative memory

A

Recall verbal material and learn pairs of unrelated words

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19
Q

Reasoning

A

Induce general rule from few instances

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20
Q

Three level hierarchy

A

Closer to reality than other models of intelligence. There’s a general ability (intelligence) which is made up of a set of middle-level abilities, which are made up of a large set of specific abilities unique to tasks. Incorporates Spearman and Thurston’s claims.

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21
Q

What are middle level abilities?

A

There’s data based (Carroll) and theory based (Sternberg) approaches

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22
Q

Data based

A

Look at responses and see what clusters form

23
Q

Theory based

A

Broad survey of human abilities; see which abilities IQ tests measure or fail to measure

24
Q

Carroll’s eight middle level abilities

A

Memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, processing speed, crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

25
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience (factual information tests)

26
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Apply knowledge to solve problems you’ve never encountered before (abstract and processing tests)

27
Q

Sternberg’s three kinds of intelligence

A

Analytic, creative and practical

28
Q

Analytic

A

Ability to identify and define problems and to find strategies to solve them

29
Q

Creative

A

Ability to generate solutions others cannot

30
Q

Practical

A

Apply and implement solutions in everyday settings. Better than analytic when it comes to job performance.

31
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Ability to reason about emotions and use emotions to enhance reasoning

32
Q

Why do emotionally intelligent people show less neural activity when solving emotional problems?

A

It comes naturally to them - requires less thinking

33
Q

What are some cultural issues with intelligence?

A

Different cultures have different definitions of intelligence. Every culture values ability to solve problems, but differences lie in types of problems to be solved.

34
Q

Why are twin studies difficult?

A

It’s hard to come across lots of pairs of twins and twins share a lot of genes so it might artificially inflate effect of genes.

35
Q

Influence of genes on IQ

A

IQs of identical twins are strongly correlated irrespective of environment, and people who share genes have similar IQs, also irrespective of environment.

36
Q

Heritability coefficient

A

Describes the proportion of differences between people’s IQs that can be attributed to genetics. Falls between 0.5 and 0.7, and value changes depending on who is measured and age of people being measured.

37
Q

Shared environment

A

Features of environment experienced by all relevant members of the household

38
Q

Nonshared environment

A

Features of environment not experienced by all relevant members of household

39
Q

Environment influence

A

Power influencers: economic and education

40
Q

Flynn effect

A

Average IQ score is 30 points higher today than a century ago

41
Q

Economics

A

Socioeconomic status is the material wealth of the family. Why does SES affect/is the best predictor of IQ? Nutrition, stress, medical care, no toxins, intellectual stimulation

42
Q

Education

A

Strongly correlated with intelligence, but effects are short lived.

43
Q

How do genetics AND environment influence IQ?

A

Genes determine range in which IQ is likely to fall. Experiences determine exact point in that range.

44
Q

Who is most intelligent?

A

Average IQ is 100; 68% fall between 85 and 115. If below 85, intellectually disabled; if above 115, intellectually gifted.

45
Q

Who is more likely to experience a wider deviation in IQ?

A

Males are more likely to be below 85 or above 115

46
Q

Common misconception of intelligence

A

Highly intelligent people are actually LESS prone to mental illness

47
Q

Gifted

A

Usually in a single domain, which they spend a great deal of time on

48
Q

Intellectual disabilities

A

Mild: 50 < IQ < 69
Moderate: 35 < IQ < 49
Severe: 20 < IQ < 34
Profound: IQ < 20

49
Q

Example causes of intellectual disabilities

A

Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome

50
Q

Terman’s claims

A
  • Intelligence is influenced by genes (YES)
  • Members of some racial groups score better than others on IQ tests? (YES)
  • Differences in scores on IQ tests is due to a difference in genes? (NO)
51
Q

Why do IQ scores vary between groups?

A
  • Tests are biased
  • Early tests asked questions only some groups would know the answer to (cultural bias)
  • Stereotype threat (fear of confirming negative stereotypes)
  • Genes? Inconclusive, not likely
  • Environment? Absolutely!
52
Q

Improving intelligence in children

A

1) Supplementing pregnant women and newborns with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (in breast milk)
2) Enrolling low SES infants in early educational interventions
3) Reading to children in an interactive manner
4) Sending children to preschool

53
Q

Cognitive enhancers

A

Improve processes that underlie intelligent performance. Stimulants (Ritalin, Adderall) and Ampakines (Modafinil)

Psychology (28 decks)

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