Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSCI 180 > Treating Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Treating Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What are the estimated costs per year of alcohol and drug abuse in Canada?

A

$40 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pharmacological interventions are typically used in which two phases of the dependence cycle?

A

detoxification and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An example of a pharmacological agent to prevent relapse and that fits the ‘punishment’ maintenance strategy would be:

A

disulfiram (Antabuse).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The most common medication used to treat heroin addiction is:

A

methadone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Many early theories of substance dependence were based on studying people with dependence on which substance?

A

alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of contingency management therapy?

A

It is focused on rewarding good behaviour and does not include counselling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following is an example of harm reduction?

A

syringe exchanges
methadone maintenance programs
supervised injection facilities
heroin assisted treatment (HAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motivational enhancement therapy is aimed at:

A

preparing the user to want to change his behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the view of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcoholics:

A

are helped through support and total abstinence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the Recommendations for a National Treatment Strategy, AA would be an example of a______ support or service.

A

Tier 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the word “treatment” conjure up?

A

hospitals, nurses, and physicians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many Canadians meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and substance dependence?

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how much does it cost Nova Scotia a year?

A

1.244 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the initial and immediate phase of treatment?

A

detoxification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is detoxification?

A

medication administered to alleviate unpleasant and or dangerous withdrawal symptoms that may appear following abrupt cessation of drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a longer-term strategy used to help a dependent individual avoid relapse?

A

maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are three general categories of pharmacotherapy for maintenance

A
  • agonist/substitution therapy (block feeling)
  • antagonist therapy (block positive feeling)
  • aversion therapy (negative)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is agonist/substitution therapy used for?

A

to induce cross-tolerance to abused drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some examples of agonist therapy?

A

methadone - heroin dependence

nicotine - tobacco dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why are agonists used?

A

because they have safer routes of administration and or diminished psychoactive effects compared to the original drug
subtituting a longer-acting pharmacologically equivalent drug allows user to be stabilized on the agonist and then slowly tapered off it, avoid withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is antagonist therapy used for?

A

to prevent user from experiencing reinforced effect of abused drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some examples or antagonist therapy?

A

naltrexone, blocks opioid effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is aversion therapy used for?

A

to produce aversion reaction following ingestion of abused drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are some examples of aversion therapy?

A

disulfiram for alcohol dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is disulfiram used for?

A

punishment therapy for alcohol use
-inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, a major enzyme in alcohol metabolism which, in the presence of alcohol can produce symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and breathing difficulties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

alcohol detox phase

A

benzodiazepines typically used:

  • to reduce autonomic hyperactivity and prevent seizures
  • slow onset of action
  • potentiate the inhibitory actions of GABA on the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

alcohol maintenance therapy

A

three approved medication

  • disulfiram (Antabuse)
  • Naltrexone
  • acamprosate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does disulfiram do?

A

for alcohol

  • causes unpleasant symptoms if alcohol consumed
  • inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, increasing acetaldehyde
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why is disulfiram not very effective

A

because most people don’t take medication

30
Q

what does naltrexone do?

A

reduces alcohol craving (but not large impact on overall treatment)
may block opioid receptors and reinforcing effects of alcohol

31
Q

what does acamprosate do?

A

normalizes basal GABA concentrations
blocks glutamate increases with alcohol withdrawal
recently approved, effectiveness not determined

32
Q

what is the primary component responsible for maintenance treatment for tobacco?

A

nicotine

33
Q

nicotine withdrawal symptoms?

A

anxiety
depression
insomnia

34
Q

nicotine replacement products

A 
transdermal nicotine patch
nicotine gum
nicotine nasal spray
nicotine vapor inhaler
nicotine lozenge
35
Q

bupropion (zyban) is used for what?

A

as a non-nicotine pharmocotherapy for smoking

  • also used for depression (Wellbutrin)
  • may inhibit reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine and may block acetylcholine receptors
36
Q

what is varenicline (champix)

A

a partial nicotinic-receptor agonist - meaning that even at larger doses, it does not produce the full response of nicotine
-found to be more effective than placebo or bupropion and is a viable option for smoking therapy

37
Q

what is the premise for nicotine vaccines-basic

A

neutralize the drug peripherally before ever reaching the brain

  • currently all are conjugates
  • nicotine linked to a carrier protein
38
Q

opioid withdrawal symptoms:

A

not life threatening

  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • aches and pains
39
Q

what was traditionally used to treat opioid dependence?

A

anticholinergic drugs like belladonna

40
Q

what was the goal of belladonna in opioid treatment

A

to produce delirium for several days so that the dependent person would avoid experiencing withdrawal

41
Q

what is rapid opioid detox?

A

anesthetized and given an antagonist that causes immediate withdrawal
-released after 24hr and enters counseling while continuing to take antagonist

42
Q

criticism of rapid opioid detox?

A

medical risks

behavioral aftercare is deemphasized

43
Q

what are some drugs used for opioid detox

A 
methadone
buprenorphine (partial agonist with long duration of action)
44
Q

what are some drugs used for opioid treatment maintenance?

A

methadone - most common

buprenorphine

45
Q

what is used for opioid overdose

A

short-acting antagonist naloxone greater affinity for brain opioid receptors than do most apoioid agonists, including heroin often used for treating opioid overdose

naloxlone displaced opioid agonist from receptors and thereby rapidly reverses overdose

46
Q

opioid dependence treatment medication:

A

naltrexone

47
Q

when was methadone developed?

A

1937

48
Q

what was methadone found to be able to treat after WW2?

A

heroin withdrawal and serve as maintenance treatment

49
Q

who, when, where set up the world’s first methadone maintenance treatment program?

A

Dr Robert Halliday
1963
BC

50
Q

when did Canada set guidelines for methadone maintenance?

A

1972

51
Q

who can prescribe methadone?

A

physicians who have received an exemption under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

52
Q

how does methadone maintenance treatment work

A

supports withdrawal from opioids by alleviating symptoms
methadone decreases chronic craving for opioids
reduces euphoric effects through cross-tolerance
tolerance to methadone maintenance is slow

53
Q

what is suboxone used for?

A

substitution treatment in opioid dependence for adults

54
Q

what does buprenorphine help manage?

A

the cravings associated with opioid withdrawal while nalozone reduces the potential for misuse by causing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if product misued by IV injection

55
Q

cocaine withdrawal symptoms:

A 
depression
nervousness
anhedonia (lack of emotional response)
fatigue
irritability
sleep disturbances
56
Q

modafinil use?

A

to treat cocaine dependence

-however, not approved by Health Canada

57
Q

how does modafinil work?

A

increase activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate

decrease release of GABA

58
Q

relapse prevention

A

encouraging substance abuse treatment

developing supportive network

59
Q

what started the behavioral and psychosocial treatment approach?

A

alcohol dependence treatment

60
Q

how do people view alcohol dependence

A

as a biological disease that someone either has or does not have and that the only acceptable treatment goal is complete abstinence

61
Q

goal of opioid treatment

A

changed from eliminating opioid use to eliminating heroin use

62
Q

what does motivational enhancement therapy attempt to do

A

attempts to shift focus away from denial to motivation to change
-nonconfrontational process of determining abusers current stage of change and then helping the individual move forward

63
Q

what is used to effectively manage alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepine diazepam

-rapid onset

64
Q

what is the first non nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking?

A

bupropion (Zyban) 1998

-inhibit dopamine and norepinephrine

65
Q

what is used to alleviate symptoms of opioid withdrawal?

A

methadone

  • orally active and has long half-life
  • tolerance develops slowly
66
Q

what is buprenorphine

A

opioid agonist/antagonist or partial agonist at the mu receptor
-cause unpleasant withdrawal if product misued by IV injection

67
Q

which drug was approved by Health Canada in 2007 and it available for substitution treatement in opioid drug dependence in adults

A

suboxone (combinatino of buprenorphine and naloxone)

68
Q

what is the transtheoretical model

A

defines intentional change as a process that does not occur at a specific moment but is sensitive to the dynamic changes that an individual presents over time in terms of a motivational stage

69
Q

what are the stages of TTM

A

precontemplation (no intention to change)
contemplation (change under consideration)
preparation (commit to action)
action (first step)
maintenance
relapse (cycling back through stages)

70
Q

individuals who have both a mental health and a substance use problem

A

concurrent disorder

HSCI 180 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions