Hallucinogen Flashcards
The use of hallucinogenic drugs in many religions is consistent with a belief in:
animism
LSD was synthesized in:
1938.
The League for Spiritual Discovery was started by ______.
Timothy Leary
Studies of LSD have shown that:
tolerance develops rapidly.
The peyote cactus contains
mescaline.
Which of the following drugs is normally ineffective when taken orally?
DMT
Harmaline, found in ayahuasca, accentuates the effect of:
DMT
Ecstasy typically, but not always, contains:
MDMA
Angel dust is the nickname for:
PCP
The plant associated with flying witches and Black Mass is:
belladonna.
types of hallucinogens
phantastica - fantasy world
psychedelic - mind-viewing visionary
psychotomimetic - psychosis; altered sense of reality
what is a substance that creates a spirtiual/religious experience
entheogen
what is a substance that enhances empathy?
entactogen
how are halucinogens classified
- chem structure
- phamracological properties
- extent of loss of awareness
- how dangerous
two major groups of hallucinogens
- classical phantastica - alter perceptions while allowing user to remain in communication with the present world
- deliriants - produce mental confusion
indole hallucinogen
drugs that have indole structure found in serotonin
-LSD, psilocybin
catechol hallucinogen
drugs that have the catechol nucleus that forms basic structure norepinephrine and dopamine
-mescaline, MDMA
what is LSD synthesized from?
ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
-grain infected with this mold causes illness called ergotism
who first synthesized LSD?
1938 Dr Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Labs in Switzerland
why is LSD so attractive?
intense potency
-4000x as strong as mescaline
Timothy Leary
1966: League of Spiritual Discovery
peaked in 1967 and fell in 1968
what was LSD used to treat?
mental illness and alcoholism
LSD pharmacology
odorless, colorless, tasteless, one of the most potent drugs ever known
no known human overdose deaths
how is LSD absorbed?
rapidly through gastrointestinal tract
-usually taken orally
LD50 and ED50 of LSD
LD50 is 400x ED40
half-life of LSD?
3hr
how is LSD metabolized
by the liver
-excreted as inactive chemical
how fast does tolerance develop?
3-4 days of daily doses
- recovery is also rapid
- cross tolerance with mescaline and psiocybin
what chemical does LSD resemble?
serotonin
-serotonin-2A subtype
peyote, psilocybin, LSD, mescaline are all examples of
phantastica
what are the two groups of phantastica
indole and catechol hallucinogens
what are some examples of indole hallucinogens
LSD Psilocybin Morning glories Hawaiin Baby Woodrose DMT Ayahuasca Tryptamines
what was LSD originally synthesized from
Claviceps purpurea ergot fungus
what is ergotism
infected grain
“cocks spur”
who first synthesized LSD and when
Albert Hofmann
1938
how much stronger is LSD compared to mescaline
4000x
what did many scientists think could help with retrieving repressed memories?
LSD
what else was LSD used to treat?
alcohol dependence
what is MK-ULTRA
investigation of the effects of LSD on US prison inmates and patients of Canadian and US psychiatric hospitals
who pioneered clinical research into psychic driving (treatment believed to erase harmful memories and rebuild people’s psyche)
Donald Cameron
Patients at McGill University were subjected to
electroshock therapy
LSD
how did recreational use of LSD start
Mexico 1960 by Timothy Leary
-used psilocybin (shrooms)
when was the League of Spiritual Discovery Established
1966
when did the sale, possession for the purpose of selling LSD become punishable by law
1962
where is absorption of LSD rapid
gastrointestinal tract
is LSD taken up selectively by the brain
no
where is LSD metabolized
liver
what can block the psychological effects of LSD
chloropromazine
serotonin receptor antagonist
what do mescaline and other catechol hallucinogens resemble?
dopamine
norepinephrine
what can block the psychological effects of catechol hallucinogens
s
