Opioids

Question 1

Opium is derived from the poppy plant, specifically:

Answer 1

Papaver somniferum.

Question 2

Although India had a monopoly on opium in the early 1800s, the country responsible for having the most opium smuggled into China was:

Answer 2

Britain

Question 3

Morphine was isolated from opium in:

Answer 3

1806

Question 4

Diacetylmorphine was originally sold under the brand name:

Answer 4

Heroin

Question 5

In 2009, the world leader in opium and heroin production was:

Answer 5

Afghanistan

Question 6

Of the following drugs, which is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine?

Answer 6

fentanyl

Question 7

The administration of naloxone:

Answer 7

blocks the action of opioids.

Question 8

Medically, opioids have saved the most lives because of their use as:

Answer 8

antidiarrheals

Question 9

Opioids act in the brain via receptors for:

Answer 9

endorphins

Question 10

What is Insite?

Answer 10

a supervised injection facility in Vancouver.

Question 11

opium poppy in early Egyptian and Greek cultures

Answer 11

“to prevent he excessive crying of children”

Question 12

opium in the Arabic world

Answer 12

Koran prevents use of alcohol, so opium became the primary social drug
-reached out an made contact with India and China

Question 13

laudanum

Answer 13

opium extract

prepared by Dr Thomas Sydenham

Question 14

Opium Wars

Answer 14

1729: outlawed in China
- smuggling widespread

British East India Company

• legal trade with India
• illicitly in China

Pressure grew and eventual war

Question 15

morphine

Answer 15

1806
opium isolated
10x as potent as opium
Morphus - god of dream

Question 16

codeine

Answer 16

1832
alkaloid of opium discovered
named for poppy head

Question 17

why is morphine so good?

Answer 17

pure chemical

known potency

Question 18

why did morphine spread?

Answer 18

1853: hypodermic syringe allowed delivery directly into blood

war - relief from pain and dysentery
-soldier’s disease (dependency)

Question 19

heroin

Answer 19

two acetyl groups added to morphine (diacetlymorphine)
-1898 by Bayer

3x as potent as morphine (lipid solubility)

faster acting than morphine

marketed as non-habit-forming substitute for cocaine
-however, tolerance and dependence

Question 20

supply, distribution, trafficking of Opium and Heroin

Answer 20

poppies imported through South and Southwest Asia

sold openly throughout major cities

major source of illicit opioid use through prescription

Question 21

who are the primary suppliers for Opium to Canada?

Answer 21

South/Southwest Asia

Question 22

changing profile of opioid user

Answer 22

heroin -> prescription opioid

Question 23

prescription opioid

Answer 23

hydromorphone (Vicodin)

oxycodone

Question 24

why has PO use increased?

Answer 24

prescription opiods were more readily accessible than heroin

Question 25

opium to heroin?

Answer 25

opium -> morphine -> heroin

Question 26

opioid antagonist

Answer 26

drugs that block action of opioids -Naxolone, nalorphine reverse depressed respiration precipitate withdrawal syndrome prvent dependent individuals from experiencing a high

Question 27

opioid mechanism of action

Answer 27

nervous system and endocrine glands activate receptors - Enkephalines (adrenal, brain) - Endorphines (pituitary glands, brain)

Question 28

beneficial uses for opioids

Answer 28

``` pain relief treat intestinal disorders cough suppressant (codeine) ```

Question 29

opioid concerns

Answer 29

- dependence - tolerance - withdrawal (physical dependence) -unpleasant but not life threatening

Question 30

psychological dependence of opioids

Answer 30

- positive reinforcement - negative reinforcement - fast acting leads to dependence

Question 31

acute toxicity of opioids

Answer 31

- depress respiratory centers in brain - breathing shalllower - addictive with alcohol - cloudy consciousness - occasional nausea and vomitting

Question 32

naloxone uses

Answer 32

counteract acute toxiticty for opioids

Question 33

opioid overdose

Answer 33

coma depressed respiration pinpoint pupils

Question 34

chronic toxicity

Answer 34

associated with injection method | -infections

Question 35

misconceptions of opioid use

Answer 35

- not always Euphoric - tolerance to negative effects may develop more rapidly than to positive - withdrawal is often similar to mild case of intestinal flu - people don't become dependent after one dose