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HSCI 180 > Opioids > Flashcards

Opioids Flashcards

1
Q

Opium is derived from the poppy plant, specifically:

A

Papaver somniferum.

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2
Q

Although India had a monopoly on opium in the early 1800s, the country responsible for having the most opium smuggled into China was:

A

Britain

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3
Q

Morphine was isolated from opium in:

A

1806

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4
Q

Diacetylmorphine was originally sold under the brand name:

A

Heroin

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5
Q

In 2009, the world leader in opium and heroin production was:

A

Afghanistan

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6
Q

Of the following drugs, which is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine?

A

fentanyl

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7
Q

The administration of naloxone:

A

blocks the action of opioids.

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8
Q

Medically, opioids have saved the most lives because of their use as:

A

antidiarrheals

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9
Q

Opioids act in the brain via receptors for:

A

endorphins

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10
Q

What is Insite?

A

a supervised injection facility in Vancouver.

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11
Q

opium poppy in early Egyptian and Greek cultures

A

“to prevent he excessive crying of children”

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12
Q

opium in the Arabic world

A

Koran prevents use of alcohol, so opium became the primary social drug
-reached out an made contact with India and China

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13
Q

laudanum

A

opium extract

prepared by Dr Thomas Sydenham

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14
Q

Opium Wars

A

1729: outlawed in China
- smuggling widespread

British East India Company

  • legal trade with India
  • illicitly in China

Pressure grew and eventual war

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15
Q

morphine

A

1806
opium isolated
10x as potent as opium
Morphus - god of dream

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16
Q

codeine

A

1832
alkaloid of opium discovered
named for poppy head

17
Q

why is morphine so good?

A

pure chemical

known potency

18
Q

why did morphine spread?

A

1853: hypodermic syringe allowed delivery directly into blood

war - relief from pain and dysentery
-soldier’s disease (dependency)

19
Q

heroin

A

two acetyl groups added to morphine (diacetlymorphine)
-1898 by Bayer

3x as potent as morphine (lipid solubility)

faster acting than morphine

marketed as non-habit-forming substitute for cocaine
-however, tolerance and dependence

20
Q

supply, distribution, trafficking of Opium and Heroin

A

poppies imported through South and Southwest Asia

sold openly throughout major cities

major source of illicit opioid use through prescription

21
Q

who are the primary suppliers for Opium to Canada?

A

South/Southwest Asia

22
Q

changing profile of opioid user

A

heroin -> prescription opioid

23
Q

prescription opioid

A

hydromorphone (Vicodin)

oxycodone

24
Q

why has PO use increased?

A

prescription opiods were more readily accessible than heroin

25
Q

opium to heroin?

A

opium -> morphine -> heroin

26
Q

opioid antagonist

A

drugs that block action of opioids
-Naxolone, nalorphine

reverse depressed respiration
precipitate withdrawal syndrome
prvent dependent individuals from experiencing a high

27
Q

opioid mechanism of action

A

nervous system and endocrine glands activate receptors

  • Enkephalines (adrenal, brain)
  • Endorphines (pituitary glands, brain)
28
Q

beneficial uses for opioids

A 
pain relief
treat intestinal disorders
cough suppressant (codeine)
29
Q

opioid concerns

A
  • dependence
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal (physical dependence)

-unpleasant but not life threatening

30
Q

psychological dependence of opioids

A
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
  • fast acting leads to dependence
31
Q

acute toxicity of opioids

A
  • depress respiratory centers in brain
  • breathing shalllower
  • addictive with alcohol
  • cloudy consciousness
  • occasional nausea and vomitting
32
Q

naloxone uses

A

counteract acute toxiticty for opioids

33
Q

opioid overdose

A

coma
depressed respiration
pinpoint pupils

34
Q

chronic toxicity

A

associated with injection method

-infections

35
Q

misconceptions of opioid use

A
  • not always Euphoric
  • tolerance to negative effects may develop more rapidly than to positive
  • withdrawal is often similar to mild case of intestinal flu
  • people don’t become dependent after one dose

HSCI 180 (8 decks)

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