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HSCI 180 > NHP > Flashcards

NHP Flashcards

1
Q

what helped the growth of NHP?

A
  • increased interest in food that can be used in prevention and treatment of illnesses
  • belief that NHPs are better than conventional drugs
  • aggressive marketing
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2
Q

what are the two things drugs have to demonstrate?

A
  • safety

- effectiveness

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3
Q

what do NHPs have to demonstrate?

A
  • purity

- safety

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4
Q

Natural Health Products Directorate regulations define NHPs as products for use in:

A
  • diagnosing, treating, mitigating, or preventing a disease, disorder, etc
  • restoring or correcting organic functions in humans
  • modifying functions in a manner that maintains or prpmotes health
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5
Q

Do NHPs need a prescription?

A

no

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6
Q

Do NHPs require evidence to support claims of safety and efficacy?

A
  • must include clinical trial data

- references to published studies and pharmacopoeias

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7
Q

NHP as traditional use requirement?

A

50 yr of consecutive years of use within a cultural belief system (represents 2 generations - reproductive side effects can be determined)

include:

  • references that support recommended condition of use and dose info
  • method of preparation
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8
Q

St John’s Wort

A 
Hypericum perforatum ("devils scourge")
-supposed prevention of possession by demon

anxiety (limited evidence) & antidepressant

  • as effective as standard antidepressant with less side effects
  • superior to placebo
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9
Q

SAMe

A

active form of methionine
acts as a methyl donor
antidepressant
-as effective as tricyclic antidepressants

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10
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

long history in China

improve memory and cognitive function

  • not clear on effectiveness
  • may help Alzheimers

reduces blood clotting (enhance circulation )
-combining with Aspirin = dangerous

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11
Q

In Canada, as of 2004, all natural products with associated claims of health benefits are subject to regulations from the:

A

NHPD

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12
Q

A recent survey showed that ____of Canadians regularly use NHPs.

A

71%

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13
Q

Evidence suggests that Ginko Biloba may act as a:

A

blood thinner

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14
Q

What is phenyl-propanolamine (PPA)?

A

an active ingredient in some weight-loss products that has been banned.

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15
Q

Diphenhydramine, which is found in most sleep aids, is really a(n):

A

antihistamine

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16
Q

Acetylsalicylic acid was originally sold under the brand name:

A

Aspirin

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17
Q

Aspirin should not be given to children because of increased risk for:

A

Reye’s syndrome.

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18
Q

Dextromethorphan is the most common active ingredient in what OTC medicines?

A

cough and cold

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19
Q

Ibuprofen:

A

is an example of an NSAID.

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20
Q

anesthetics

A

“without sensibility”

reduce all types of sensation or by blocking consciousness completely

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21
Q

analgesics

A 
"without pain"
compounds that reduce pain selectively
two groups:
-opioids
-OTC: aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen
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22
Q

types of pain

A

visceral pain (opioids)

  • intestinal cramps
  • nonskelatal portions

somatic pains (salicylates)

  • muscle or bone
  • sprains, headaches, arthritis
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23
Q

salicylic acid

A

1838 synthesized and isolated from willow bark

used for arthritis

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24
Q

Bayer Labs

A

salicylic acid caused great gastric discomfort so Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid in 1898
-product patented and released in 1899 under the name Aspirin

heroin was also synthesized here

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25
Q

aspirin

-potency?

A

more potent than salicylic acid because Aspirin irritates stomach less and thus absorbed more rapidly

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26
Q

aspirin effects

A
  • analgesic
  • antipyretic: reduces fever
  • antiinflammatory: reduces swelling, inflammation, soreness
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27
Q

aspirin adverse effects-

A
  • reduce blood clotting
  • induce gastrointestinal bleeding
  • Reyes syndrome (children with chicken pox): vomiting, disoriented, lethargic, mortality rate 25%
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28
Q

aspirin mechanism of action

A
  • central and peripheral analgesic effect
  • aspirin blocks synthesis of prostaglandins (mediate pain) by inhibiting two forms of cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-1,2

-antipyretic: anterior hypothalamus -> sweating and dilation of peripheral blood vessels

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29
Q

phenacetin

A
  • analgesic & antipyretic
  • kidney lesions and dysfunction :0
  • rapidly convert to acetaminophen
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30
Q

acetaminophen

A
  • less gastric bleeding but also less useful as anti-inflammatory
  • Tylenol
  • overuse => liver disorders
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31
Q

Ibuprofen

A
  • analgesic and potent anti-inflammatory
  • gastrointestinal: nausea, stomach pain, and cramping
  • fatal liver damage with overdose
  • NSAID (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug)
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32
Q

who regulates prescribing, distribution, selling, dispensing of drugs?

A

FDA

Controlled Drugs and Substance Act (CDSA)

33
Q

who maintains classification of drugs approved for use?

A

National Drug Scheduling System

-National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NARPA)

34
Q

how are drugs placed in the NARPA schedules?

A

based on pharmacological and toxicological profile

35
Q

what schedule is a drug that can be sold without a prescription but must be kept behind the counter?

A

2

36
Q

what schedule is a drug that can be sold openly

A

1

37
Q

what schedule is a drug that requires a prescription?

A

3

38
Q

what is the active ingredient in OTC sleep aids and cough and cold products?

A

antihistamine

39
Q

what are factors in the movement to deregulate many prescription drugs?

A

growth in modern notions of individual responsibility
pharmaceutical companies seeking increased sales
growing challenges in maintaining public and private prescription drug plans

40
Q

what are two ingredients WERE in OTC sedatives

A

scopolamine (acetylcholine blocker)

antihistamine methapyrilene

41
Q

why was methapyrilene no longer used?

A

caused cancer in lab animals

42
Q

what do modern day sedatives contain?

A

diphenhydramine:
- hydrochloride
- citrate

43
Q

how do diphenhydramines work?

A

block effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites in CNS

44
Q

what do antihistamines do?

A

induce drowsiness

45
Q

what are two classes of drugs used to reduce pain/awareness of pain

A

anaesthetics

analgesics

46
Q

what does anaesthetics mean?

A

without sensibility

47
Q

what does analgesics mean?

A

without pain

48
Q

what are some examples of analgesics

A

Aspirin
acetaminophen
ibuprofen

49
Q

what are the two types of pain

A

visceral

somatic

50
Q

what kind of pain are opioids effective in reducing?

A

visceral pain (from nonskeletal portions of body)

51
Q

what kind of products do you need to use in order to reduce somatic pain (muscles, bone, headaches, arthritis)

A

salicylates (Aspirin)

52
Q

how many peopl receive pain relief from placebos

A

35%

53
Q

St Augustine declared what about diseases?

A

diseases were the work of demons and thus a punishment from God

54
Q

what did the Aboriginals do to reduce fevers?

A

brewed tea from willow bark

55
Q

what was the active ingredient in the preparation used by Reverend Edward Stone?

A

salicylic acid

56
Q

when was salicylic acid synthesized and made readily available?

A

1838 - synthesized

1859 - mass production

57
Q

what is the major difficulty with salicylic acid?

A

drug caused gastric discomfort

58
Q

who synthesized acetylsalicylic acid and when?

A

Hofmann of Bayer Labs

1898

59
Q

What is the brand name for acetylsalicylic acid?

A

Aspirin

60
Q

why is apirin more potent analgesic than saliclic acid?

A

Aspirin irritates the stomach less and is thus more rapidly absorbed

61
Q

what is an antipyretic?

A

fever reducing

62
Q

what is an anti-inflammatory?

A

reducing swelling and inflammation

63
Q

what is the therapeutic dose of aspirin

A

600-1000 milligrams

64
Q

what are some side effects of ibuprofen

A

nausea, stomach pain, cramping

fatal liver damage with overdose

65
Q

ibuprofen is an example of

A

NSAID

66
Q

what does NSAID stand for?

A

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

67
Q

what is a co-codaprin

A

a drug that contains acetylsalicylic acid, codeine, caffeine

68
Q

why is caffeine sometimes taken with codeine

A

caffeine offsets the sedative effects of codeine

69
Q

what are the two groups of viruses that are known to be associated with colds

A

rhinovirus

coronavirus

70
Q

what does the rhinovirus do?

A

zero in on the upper respiratory tract, at first causing irritation, which can lead to reflex coughing and sneezing
increased irritation inflames tissue and is followed by soreness and swelling of mucous membrane
-as a defense against infection, the mucous membranes release considerable fluid, which causes runny nose

71
Q

how do colds usually start?

A

fingers pick up viruses and then the individual rubs eyes or picks nose

72
Q

modern cold remedies contain which three common types of ingredients?

A

antihistamines (for runny nose)
sympathomimetic nasal decongestants (swollen membrane)
analgesic-antipyretic (aches, fever reduction)

73
Q

what is the most common antihistamine in cold remedies?

A

chloropheniramine maleate

74
Q

what is the most common nasal decongestant

A

phenylephrine

75
Q

what is the most common analgesic-antipyretic

A

acetaminophen

76
Q

what is the most common active ingredient in OTC cough medicines?

A

dextromethorphan

77
Q

which chemical do allergy relief pills rely on?

A

antihistamines

78
Q

which chemicals do sinus medications use?

A

sympathomimetic nasal decongestants (phenylephrine)

analgesic

HSCI 180 (8 decks)

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