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Infection > Travel Related Infections > Flashcards

Travel Related Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Why are travellers vulnerable to infection?

A

Temptations to take risks when away from home
Different epidemiology of some diseases
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel
Refugees: deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury

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2
Q

What are some climate of environment related health conditions?

A 
Sunburn 
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke 
Fungal infections 
Bacterial skin infections 
Cold injury 
Altitude sickness
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3
Q

What are some sanitation related health conditions?

A 
Travellers diarrhoea 
Typhoid 
Hepatitis A or E 
Giardiasis 
Amoebiasis 
Helminth infections 
Viral gastroenteritis 
Food poisoning 
Shigella dysentery 
Cholera 
Cryptosporidiosis
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4
Q

What are some immunisation related health conditions?

A

Poliomyelitis

Diphtheria

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5
Q

What are some health education related health conditions?

A

HIV

STDs

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6
Q

What are some water related infections?

A 
Schistosomiasis 
Leptospirosis 
Liver flukes 
Hookworms 
Strongyloidiasis 
Guinea worms
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7
Q

What are some anthropod-borne infections?

A

Malaria
Dengue fever
Rickettsial infections
Leishmaniasis

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8
Q

What are some of the emerging infectious disease associated with travel?

A 
Zika virus 
Ebola virus disease 
MERS-CoV 
Swine flu 
Avian flu 
SARS 
West Nile virus
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9
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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10
Q

What are the 5 species of malaria?

A 
Plasmodium falciparum 
Plasmodium vivax 
Plasmodium ovale 
Plasmodium malariae 
Plasmodium knowlesi
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A 
Fever 
Rigors 
Aching bones 
Abdominal pain 
Headache 
Dysuria 
Frequency 
Sore throat 
Cough
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12
Q

What are the signs of malaria?

A

None
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Mild jaundice

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13
Q

What are the complications of malaria?

A 
Cerebral malaria 
Blackwater fever 
Pulmonary oedema 
Jaundice 
Severe anaemia 
Algid malaria
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14
Q

How is a diagnosis of malaria made?

A

Thick and thin blood films
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
Rapid antigen tests

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15
Q

How is the severity of malaria assessed?

A 
Impaired consciousness or seizures 
Hypoglycaemia 
Parasite count >2% 
Haemoglobin <8mg/dL 
Spontaneous bleeding /DIC 
Haemoglobinuria 
Renal impairment or pH <7.3 
Pulmonary oedema or ARDS 
Shock
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16
Q

What are the 2 main malaria drugs?

A

Quinine

Artemisinins

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17
Q

What are the treatment options for uncomplicated malaria?

A

Riamet for 3 days
Eurartesim for 3 days
Malarone for 3 days
Quinine for 7 days plus oral doxycycline

18
Q

What are the treatment options of complicated or severe malaria?

A

IV Artesunate

IV Quinine plus oral doxycycline

19
Q

What are the treatment options for the benign species of malaria?

A

Chloroquine for 3 days
Riamet for 3 days
Add primaquine to eradicated liver hypnozoites

20
Q

What is involved in malaria control programmes?

A 
Mosquito breeding sites (drainage of standing water) 
Larvacides 
Mosquito killing sprays 
Bed nets 
Mesh windows
21
Q

What is the cause of typhoid (enteric) fever?

A

Poor sanitation

Unclean drinking water

22
Q

What are the organisms that cause typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella paratyphi

23
Q

What are the clinical features of typhoid fever?

A 
Fever 
Headache 
Abdominal pain 
Constipation 
Tachycardia 
Neutrophilia 
Confusion 
Diarrhoea 
Intestinal bleeding 
Perforation and peritonism
24
Q

How is typhoid fever diagnosed?

A

Culture blood, urine and stool

Culture bone marrow

25
Q

What is the treatment for typhoid fever?

A

Oral azithromycin

IV ceftriaxone

26
Q

How is dengue fever transmitted?

A

Aedes aegypti mosquito

27
Q

What is a classic presentation of dengue fever?

A 
Sudden fever 
Severe headache, retro-orbital pain 
Severe myalgia and arthralgia 
Macular/ maculopapular rash 
Haemorrhagic signs (petechiae, purpura, positive tourniquet test)
28
Q

How is dengue diagnosed?

A 
Thrombocytopenia 
Leucopenia 
Elevated transaminases 
Positive tourniquet test 
Lab PCR and serology
29
Q

What are the complications of dengue fever?

A

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dengue shock syndrome

30
Q

How are the complications of dengue fever treated?

A

IV fluids
Fresh frozen plasma
Platelets

31
Q

How can dengue be prevented?

A

Avoid bites

New vaccine in use

32
Q

What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis?

A 
Swimmers itch 
Cough 
Abdominal discomfort 
Spelnomegaly 
Eosinophilia 
Katayama fever 
Eggs deposited in bowel or bladder
33
Q

How is a diagnosis of schistosomiasis made?

A

Antibody tests
Ova in still or urine
Rectal snip

34
Q

What is the treatment for schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

Prednisolone if severe

35
Q

What are the clinical features of rickettsiosis?

A 
Abrupt onset swinging fever 
Headache 
Confusion 
Endovasculitis 
Rash 
Bleeding
36
Q

How is rickettsiosis managed?

A

Tetracycline

37
Q

What are some serious viral haemorrhagic fevers?

A

Ebola
Congo-Crimea haemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Marburg disease

38
Q

How is Zika virus transmitted?

A

Daytime biting aedes mosquito
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion

39
Q

What are the clinical features of zika virus?

A 
None 
Headache 
Rash 
Fever
Malaise 
Conjunctivitis 
Joint pains
40
Q

What is the effect of Zika virus within pregnancy?

A

Can cause microcephaly and other neurological problems

Gillian Barre syndrome

Infection (12 decks)

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