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Infection > Travel Related Infection > Flashcards

Travel Related Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Common infections worldwide

A

Influenza
Community-acquired pneumonia
Meningococcal disease
Sexually transmitted diseases

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2
Q

Climate or environment related health problems

A 
Sunburn
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
Fungal infections
Bacterial skin infections 
Cold injury
Altitude sickness
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3
Q

Water related infections

A 
Schistosomiasis
Leptospirosis
Liver flukes
Hookworms
Guinea worms
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4
Q

Arthropod borne infections

A 
Malaria (mosquitos)
Dengue fever (mosquitos)
Filariasis (mosquitoes: elephantiasis)
Rickettsial infections (ticks: typhus)
Leishmaniasis (sand flies: Kala-azar)
Trypanosomiasis (tsetse fly: sleeping sickness)
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5
Q

Important tropical diseases

A 
Malaria
Typhoid
Dengue Fever
Schistosomiasis
Rickettsiosis
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Zika fever
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6
Q

Which species of malaria is potentially severe?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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7
Q

Which species of malaria are “benign”

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi

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8
Q

Clinical features of malaria

A

NON SPECIFIC

Fever
Rigors
Aching bones
Abdo pain
Headache
Dysuria
Frequency
Sore throat
Cough
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Mild jaundice
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9
Q

Complications of malaria

A 
Cerebral malaria (encephalopathy)
Blackwater fever
Pulmonary oedema
Jaundice
Severe anaemia
Algid malaria
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10
Q

What is complicated malaria?

A

One or more of:

Impaired consciousness or seizures

Hypoglycaemia

Parasite count >2%

Haemoglobin <8mg/dL

Spontaneous bleeding/DIC

Haemoglobinuria

Renal impairment or pH <7.3

Pulmonary oedema or ARDS

Shock (algid malaria)

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11
Q

Treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria

A

Riamet
Eurartesim
Malarone
=> 3 days

Quinine plus oral doxycycline
=> 7 days

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12
Q

Treatment of complicated or severe P. falciparum malaria

A

IV quinine plus oral doxycycline

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13
Q

Treatment of P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi

A

Chloroquine
Riamet
=> 3 days
Add primaquine (check for G6PD deficiency) in vivax and ovale to eradicate liver hypnozoites

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14
Q

Typhoid (enteric) fever causative organisms

A

Salmonella typhi
Salmonella paratyphi

From poor sanitation, unclean drinking water

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15
Q

Typhoid fever treatment

A 
Oral Azithromycin (uncomplicated)
IV Ceftriaxone (complicated)
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16
Q

Dengue fever clinical presentation

A 
Sudden fever
Severe headache, retro-orbital pain
Severe myalgia and arthralgia
Macular/maculopapular rash
Haemorrhagic signs: petechiae, purpura, positive tourniquet test
17
Q

Dengue diagnosis

A 
Thrombocytopenia
Leucopenia
Elevated transaminases
Positive tourniquet test
PCR
Serology
18
Q

Clinical features of schistosomiasis

A 
Swimmers Itch 
Invasive stage 
Katayama Fever 
Acute disease 
Chronic disease
19
Q

Schistosomiasis diagnosis

A

Clinical diagnosis
Antibody tests
Ova in stools and urine
Rectal snip

20
Q

Schistosomiasis treatment

A

Praziquantel

Prednisolone if severe

21
Q

What is the commonest form of rickettsiosis in the UK?

A

Tick typhus (R. conorii, R. africae)

22
Q

Clinical features of rickettsiosis

A 
Abrupt onset swinging fever
Headache
Confusion
Endovasculitis
Rash (macular, petechial)
Bleeding
23
Q

Viral haemorrhagic fevers

A

Ebola
Congo-Crimea haemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Marburg disease

24
Q

Viral haemorrhagic fevers treatment

A

Supportive

25
Q

Rickettsiosis management

A

Tetracycline

26
Q

What transmits zika virus?

A

Aedes mosquitos
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion

27
Q

Examination signs - rash

A

Typhoid
Typhus
Dengue

28
Q

Examination signs - jaundice

A

Hepatitis
Malaria
Yellow fever

29
Q

Examination signs - lymph nodes

A

Leishmania

Trypanosomiasis

30
Q

Examination signs - liver

A

Malaria
Typhoid
Amoebic abscess

31
Q

Examination signs - spleen

A

Visceral leishmaniasis
Typhoid
Malaria

32
Q

What makes travellers vulnerable to infection?

A

Temptation to take risks away from home
Different epidemiology of some diseases
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel
Refugees: deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury

33
Q

Infections controlled by sanitation

A 
Travelers' diarrhoea 
Typhoid
Hepatitis A or E
Giardiasis
Amoebiasis 
Helminth infections 
Viral gastroenteritis
Food poisoning
Shigella dysentery
Cholera 
Cryptosporidiosis
34
Q

Infections controlled by immunisation

A

Poliomyelitis

Diphtheria

35
Q

Infections controlled by education

A

STD’s

HIV

36
Q

Malaria diagnosis

A

Thick & thin blood films
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
Rapid antigen tests

37
Q

Side effects of quinine

A 
Nausea
Tinnitus
Deafness (cinchonism)
Rash
Hypoglycaemia
38
Q

Malaria control programmes

A

Mosquito breeding sites (drainage of standing water)
Larvacides
Mosquito killing sprays (DDT)
Human behaviour (bed nets, mesh windows)

39
Q

What are the causative organisms of schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum

Infection (16 decks)

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