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Infection > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

MIC

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration

The minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth of a given organism

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2
Q

MBC

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration

The minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism

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3
Q

Routes of administration

A

Topical
Systemic (internally, either orally or parenterally)
Parenteral (IV or IM)

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4
Q

Antibiotic modes of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

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5
Q

Beta lactams

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins

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6
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin and teicoplanin

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7
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

Beta lactams

Glycopeptides

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8
Q

What type of bacteria do glycopeptides work on? (gram positive or negative)

A

Gram positive

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9
Q

Toxic antibiotics

A

Vancomycin

Gentamicin

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10
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A

Aminoglycosides
Macrolides and Tetracyclines
Oxazolidinones
Cyclic Lipopeptide

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11
Q

Example of an aminoglycoside and what type of bacteria do they work against

A

Gentamicin
Gram negative bacilli
TOXIC

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12
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

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13
Q

Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (combined form => cotrimoxazole)
Fluoroquinolones

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14
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin (gram negative, not in children)

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15
Q

What are MRSA resistant to?

A

All penicillins and cephalosporins

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16
Q

What infection is a side effect of antibiotic therapy?

A

Clostridium difficile (CDI)

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17
Q

How is CDI treated?

A

Oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin

18
Q

Antifungal drug classes

A

Polyenes
Azoles
Allylamines
Echinocandins

19
Q

Polyenes

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

20
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Polyene
IV
Toxic

21
Q

Fluconazole

A

Used to treat yeast, not all yeasts are sensitive

22
Q

What is used to treat aspergillosis?

A

Voriconazole and itraconazole

23
Q

Terbinafine

A

Allylamine

Treatment of fungal infections of skin and nails

24
Q

What are echinocandins used to treat?

A

Serious candida and aspergillus infections

25
Q

What does aciclovir treat?

A

Herpes simplex and varicella zoster

26
Q

Penicillins

A

Penicillin V
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Co-amoxiclav

27
Q

In what way is trimethoprim toxic?

A

Folate inhibitor

28
Q

What is linezolid used for?

A

2nd line agent for MSSA, MRSA, VRE

29
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

30
Q

What is empiric therapy?

A

Without microbiology results

31
Q

What is directed therapy?

A

Based on microbiology results

32
Q

Principles of prescribing

A

Indications for antimicrobials
Diagnosis
Patient characteristics
Antimicrobial selection

33
Q

Types of antibacterial sensitivity testing

A 
Disk defusion (to test for resistance)
Etest (for MIC)
34
Q

What are the four main mechanisms of resistance?

A

Enzymatic inactivation of drug
Modified targets for drugs
Reduced permeability to drug
Efflux of drug

35
Q

Genetics of resistance

A

Chromosomally mediated

Plasmid mediated

36
Q

How are plasmids passed between bacteria?

A

Conjugation

37
Q

Medically important resistant organisms

A 
MRSA
VRE
ESBL
CPE
C diff
38
Q

ESBL

A

Extended spectrum beta lactamase

39
Q

CPE

A

Carbapenemase producing enterobacteriaceae

40
Q

Reasons for failure of therapy

A

Inadequate dose of antibiotic
Inappropriate route
Non-compliance with antibiotic
Bacteria walled off in abscess cavity
Foreign bodies eg surgical implants/prosthesis
Poor penetration of drug to site of infection

41
Q

Antibiotics with good biofilm activity

A

Rifampicin
Daptomycin
Ceftobiprole

42
Q

How can healthcare workers help to tackle AMR?

A

Practicing effective infection prevention & control
Prescribing and dispensing antibiotics only when truly needed
Prescribing & dispensing the right antibiotic(s) for the right duration to treat the illness

Infection (16 decks)

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