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Infection AM > Travel related infection > Flashcards

Travel related infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are some climate or environment related health problems?

A 
Sunburn
Heat exhaustion and heat stroke
Fungal infections
Bacterial skin infections
Cold injury
Altitude sickness
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2
Q

How are infections controllable by public health measures?

A

Sanitation
Immunisation
Education

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3
Q

What are some example of infections controllable by sanitation?

A

Travellers’ diarrhoea
Food poisoning
Cholera

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4
Q

What are some water related infections?

A

Schistosomiasis
Leptospirosis
Liver flukes

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5
Q

What are some arthropod borne infections?

A

Malaria
Dengue fever
Leishmaniasis

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6
Q

What are the emerging infectious diseases?

A 
Zika
Ebola
Swine flu
Avian flu
SARS
West Nile virus
MERS-CoV
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7
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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8
Q

What is the life cycle of malaria?

A

Malaria parasite enters body and sporozoites injected into bloodstream and travel to liver
There, they produce merozoites which replicate in RBCs and destroy them
The damaged RBCs are then drunk by a mosquito, where the parasite can form a zygote and replicate, ready to infect another patient

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9
Q

What are the species of malaria?

A 
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
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10
Q

What is the potentially severe form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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11
Q

What are he clinical features of malaria?

A 
Fever, riggers, aches and pains
Abdo pain
Headache
Dysuria and frequency
Sore throat, cough
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12
Q

What signs can be present with malaria?

A

Splenomegaly
Hepatpmegaly
Mild jaundice

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13
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Thick and thin blood films
Quantative buffy coat
Rapid antigen tests

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14
Q

What is complicated malaria diagnosed by?

A 
One or more of:
Impaired conciousness/seizures
Hypoglycaemia 
Parasite count >2%
Haemoglobin <8
Spontaneous bleeding
Haemoglobinuria
Renal impairment or pH <7.3
Pulmonary oedema
Shock
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15
Q

What is the management of uncomplicated p. falciparum malaria?

A

3 days Riamet, Eurartesm or Malarone OR

7 days Quinine with oral doxycycline

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16
Q

What is the management of complicated p. falciparum malaria?

A

IV artesunate OR IV quinine with oral doxycycline

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17
Q

What is the treatment of p. vivax and p. ovale malaria?

A

3 days chloroquine or Riamer

AND primaquine 14 days

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18
Q

What is the treatment of p. malariae and p. knowlesi malaria?

A

3 days chloroquine or Riamer

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19
Q

What are the possible complications of malaria?

A 
Cerebral malaria
Blackwater fever
Pulmonary oedema
Jaundice
Sever anaemia
Algid malaria
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20
Q

What does cerebral malaria cause?

A

Drowsiness, seizures, coma and death

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21
Q

What does blackwater fever cause?

A

Haemoglobulinuria and acute renal failure

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22
Q

What is typhoid due to?

A

Salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi

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23
Q

How is typed spread?

A

Via poor sanitation or unclean drinking water

24
Q

What are the week 1 clinical features of typhoid?

A 
Fever
Headache
Abdo discomfort
Constipation
Dry cough
Bradycardia
25
Q

What are th week 2 clinical features of typhoid?

A

Fever peaks at 7-10 days
Rose spots
Diarrhoea
Tachycardia

26
Q

What are the possible week 3 complications of typhoid?

A

Intestinal bleeding
Perforation
Peritonism

27
Q

What is the typical week 4 progression of typhoid?

A

Recovery

10-15% relapse rate

28
Q

How is typhoid diagnosed?

A

Clinical
Lab- Culture blood, urine, stool and bone marrow
Rule out malaria

29
Q

What is the treatment of typhoid?

A

Oral azithromycin or IV ceftriaxone

30
Q

How is dengue transmitted?

A

Via aedes aegypti

31
Q

What is the classical presentation of dengue?

A 
Sudden fever
Severe headache or retro-orbital pain
Severe myalgia and arthralgia
Macular/maculopapular rash
Haemorrhagic signs
32
Q

How is dengue diagnosed?

A

Positive tourniquet test
Thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, elevated transaminases
PCR and serology

33
Q

What is the management of dengue?

A

No specific therapeutic management

Prevention

34
Q

What are the possible complications of dengue?

A

Dengie haemorrhage fever

Dengue shock syndrome

35
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

Fresh water snails

36
Q

What are the bacteria involved in schistosomiasis?

A

s. haemotobium
s. mansion
s. japonicum

37
Q

What is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?

A

Infected snails release cercariae into water
These penetrate skin of the human and become schistosomulae by losing tails
These are in circulation and migrate to portal circulation;ation where they mature

38
Q

What are the immediate features of schistosomiasis?

A

Swimmers’ itch in few hours

39
Q

What are the phases of schistosomiasis?

A

Invasive stage
Katayama fever
Acute disease
Chronic disease

40
Q

What are the clinical features of the invasive stage of schistosomiasis?

A

After 24 hours

Cough, abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, eosinophilia

41
Q

What are the clinical features of the Katayama fever phase of schistosomiasis?

A

15-20 days

Fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diarrhoea, eosinophilia, urticaria

42
Q

What are the 2 types f acute disease in schistosomiasis?

A

Eggs deposited in bowel- dysentery

Eggs deposited in bladder- haematuria

43
Q

When does the acute disease in schistosomiasis happen?

A

6-8 weeks

44
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

CLinical
Antibody tests
Ova in stool/urine
Rectal snip

45
Q

What is the treatment of schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel- 2 doses 6 hours apart

Prednisolone if severe

46
Q

What is the commonest cause of rickettsiosis imported to the UK?

A

Tick typhus, caused by r. conorii or r. africae

47
Q

What are the clinical features of rickettosis?

A

Abrupt onset swinging fever

Headache, confusion, endovasculitis, rash, bleeding

48
Q

How is rickettosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical

Serology

49
Q

What is the management of rickettosis?

A

Tetracycline

50
Q

What are the viral haemorrhage fevers we are concerned about?

A

Ebola

Congo-Crimea haemorrhage fever

51
Q

What is the incubation period of viral haemorrhage fevers?

A

Max 3 weeks

52
Q

What is the treatment of viral haemorrhage fevers?

A

Isolation

Supportive

53
Q

How is the zika virus transmitted?

A

Via aedes aegypti mosquito, sexual contact or blood transfusion

54
Q

What are the clinical features of zika?

A

No or mild symptoms- headache, rash, fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, joint pain
Can cause Guillain Barre

55
Q

What can zika during pregnancy cause?

A

Microcephaly and other neurological problems

Infection AM (11 decks)

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