Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards
What is the antibody response to primary infection?
Takes time for immune system to recognise and mount response against pathogen
What is the antibody response to a second infection?
Faster and larger total antibody count due to immunological memory
What are the types of vaccines?
Live attenuated
Inactive
Detoxifies exotoxin
Sub-unit of micro-organism
What are live vaccines used for? 4 examples
MMR
BCG
Varicella-Zoster
Smallpox
What are inactive vaccines used for?
Hep A
Rabies
Influenza
How are detoxified exotoxins made?
Treat toxin with formalin to form toxoid
What are detoxified exotoxins used for?
Diptheria
Tetanus
.What are subunits of microorganisms used for?
Pertussis
Pneumococcus
Typhoid
What are the differences in administration of live vs killed vaccines?
Killed vaccine requires several doses
What vaccinations are given at 2 months?
6 in 1
Pneumococcal conjugate
Rotavirus
MenB
What vaccinations are given at 3 months?
6 in 1
Rotavirus
What vaccines are given at 4 months?
6 in 1
Pneumococcal conjugate
MenB
What vaccinations are given at 1 year?
Hib/MenC
Men B
MMR
Pneumococcal conjugate
What vaccines are given between 3 and 5 years?
4 in 1 booster
MMR
What vaccines are given at 12-13 years?
HPV given to girls
What vaccines are given at age 14?
3 in 1
MenACWY
What % should be immunised to achieve herd immunity?
90-95%
Who is BCG immunisation offered to?
Some infants at 0-12 months School children with TB risk factors New previously unvaccinated immigrants from high prevalence countries Healthcare workers Contact with res TB patients
What infants are given the BCG immunisation?
If incidence in area/area of parents’/grandparents’ birth is >40/100,000
What are the indications for influenza vaccine?
>65 Nursing home resident Healthcare workers Immunodeficiency/immunosuppression Asplenia/hyposplenism Chronic liver, renal, cardiac or lung disease DM Coeliac Pregnant
What are the 2 types of pneumococcal vaccine?
Pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
When and how are pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccines given?
3 doses as part of childhood immunisation schedule
When and how are Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines given?
Single dose for those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection
What are the indications for Hep B vaccination?
Now given to all in 6 in 1 Children at high risk of exposure Healthcare workers Immunodeficiency MSM Prisoners Chronic liver or kidney disease
What kind of virus is Varicella-zoster vaccine?
Live attenuated vaccine
How is Varicella zoster vaccine given?
2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart
What are the indications for varicella-zoster vaccine?
Immunosuppressed
Children in contact with severe VZV
Healthcare workers who are serology-negative
What kind of vaccine is herpes zoster?
Live attenuated vaccine
Who is the herpes zoster vaccine given in?
All elderly patients
What is assessed for risk in travellers?
Health Previous immunisation Area and duration of visa Accommodation Activities Remote areas Recent outbreaks
What is done for prevention in travellers?
General measures
Immunisation
Chemoprophylaxis
What are the common immunisations for travellers?
Tetanus Polio Typhoid Hep A Yellow fever Cholera
What immunisations can be given to travellers in special circumstances?
Men ACWY Rabies Diptheria Japanese B encephalitis Tick borne encephalitis
What are the types of antimicrobial prophylaxis?
Chemoprophylaxis
Post exposure prophylaxis
HIV post exposure prophylaxis
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis
What is an example of chemoprophylaxis?
Against malaria
What is an example of post exposure prophylaxis?
Ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease
When is HIV post exposure prophylaxis given?
Needle stick injury
Sexual intercourse
What are the methods of prevention of malaria?
Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
What can be given for chemoprophylaxis for malaria?
Malarone daily
Doxycycline daily
Mefloquine weekly
Chloroquine weekly and proquanil daily
When is malaria related disease suspected?
Any illness within 1 year after return, particularly within first 3 months
