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ucla emt > TRAUMA: Shock, Chest, Head, Spinal, Abdominal and Orthopedic Injuries > Flashcards

TRAUMA: Shock, Chest, Head, Spinal, Abdominal and Orthopedic Injuries Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main concern with injuries to solid organs? What is the onset of death and what is it due to?

A

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2
Q

What is the main concern with injuries to hollow organs? What is the onset of death and what is it due to?

A

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3
Q

Define acute abdominal pain.

A

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4
Q

Define peritoneum.

A

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5
Q

Define referred pain.

A

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6
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

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7
Q

Describe somatic pain.

A

superficial-deep pain | well localized | throbbing/aching

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8
Q

What is coffee ground emesis?

A

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9
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

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10
Q

What is melena?

A

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11
Q

Describe visceral pain.

A

to hollow organs and smooth muscle | referred pain | swelling nausea and pallor

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12
Q

How do you assess abdominal pain?

A

palpate all 4 quadrants ending in the painful quadrant | ask for last BM and oral intake

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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms for upper GI bleed.

A

melena | coffee-ground vomit | vomiting bright red blood

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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms for lower GI bleed.

A

blood in stools

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15
Q

Signs and Symptoms for esophageal varices.

A

bleeding of esophagus

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16
Q

What is esophageal varices?

A

enlarged veins and arteries in esophagus due to alcohol abuse

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17
Q

Signs and Symptoms for appendicitis.

A

sharp pain in RLQ | NV and fever/chills

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18
Q

Signs and Symptoms for pancreatitis.

A

referred back pain | abdominal distention

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19
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of pancreas

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20
Q

Signs and Symptoms for cholescystitis?

A

jaundice | RUQ/epigastric pain | fever/leukocytosis | abdominal distention

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21
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of bladder due to gallstones

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22
Q

Signs and Symptoms for kidney stones.

A

hematuria | flank pain | sharp sudden severe pain

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23
Q

Signs and Symptoms for splenomegaly.

A

LUQ palpable mass | abdominal pain

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24
Q

Signs and Symptoms for AAA.

A

abdominal and back pain | pulsating mass palpated | hypotension

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25
Q

Signs and Symptoms for pelvic inflammatory disease.

A

abnormal vaginal discharge | RUQ and lower abd pain | suprapubic tenderness | cloudy urine

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26
Q

Signs and Symptoms for testicular torsion.

A

sudden strong pain in testicles

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27
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone

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28
Q

What are tendons?

A

connect muscle to bone

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29
Q

What is a sprain?

A

stretching/tearing of the TENDONS or LIGAMENTS

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30
Q

What is a strain?

A

stretching/tearing of the muscle

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31
Q

How can you help a patient with pain?

A

can’t do much, ALS protocol

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32
Q

How would you splint an injury of a long bone?

A

splint joints above and below

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33
Q

How would you splint an injury of a joint?

A

splint long bones above and below

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34
Q

How would you position an injury?

A

anatomically or that of comfort

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35
Q

How would you treat a dislocation?

A

NEVER pop it back into place | position limb as you found it

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36
Q

How can you tell if someone has a hip fracture?

A

one of the legs will appear shorter

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37
Q

How will you splint a hip fracture?

A

use backboard

38
Q

What are the 2 fractured bones would you be most worried about and why?

A

femur and pelvis = due to the amount of bleeding it will cause, very close to big arteries

39
Q

What are the 3 indications for re-aligning an angulated fracture

A

fracture (not dislocation) | NO PULSE | angulated

40
Q

How many times can you align an angulated fracture?

A

ONE TIME

41
Q

What are the contraindications for realignment of an angulated fracture?

A

resistance = splint as is | extreme pain

42
Q

What should you do before and after splinting an injury?

A

check CMS in all 4 extremities

43
Q

What is the traction splint used for?

A

mid-shaft femur fractures on STABLE patients

44
Q

What is pleuritic chest pain?

A

pain on inspiration

45
Q

What is crepitus?

A

bone grinding against bone

46
Q

How would you treat a rib fracture?

A

Give O2 | treat for shock | abdominal dressings

47
Q

What would you hear on someone who has a pneumothroax?

A

diminished lung sounds

48
Q

What is a flail chest?

A

paradoxical movement of chest

49
Q

How would you treat a flail chest?

A

position supine | positive pressure ventilation

50
Q

Which one is more important, ABCs or C-Spine?

A

ABCs

51
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air in pleura space = sucking chest wound

52
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a Pneumothorax?

A

sucking chest wound | diminished lung sounds | mediastinal shift (JVD and tracheal deviation) | hypotension

53
Q

What type of dressing do you apply to chest injuries?

A

occlusive dressing

54
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

blood in the pleural space

55
Q

Signs and symptoms of a hemothorax.

A

Same as a pneumothorax

56
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

the pericardial sac is damaged and is filled with blood = heart is being compressed

57
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a cardiac tamponade

A

cyanosis | dyspnea | Beck’s Triad | pulse paradoxes

58
Q

What is Beck’s Triad?

A

hypotension | JVD | muffled heart tones

59
Q

What is pulse paradoxes?

A

systolic BP drops by 10 points = classic sign of cardiac tamponade

60
Q

Sign and Symptom of Myocardial Contusion?

A

reduced cardiac output | irregular pulse | rib fractures

61
Q

What is traumatic asphyxia?

A

compression or prolonged hypoxia

62
Q

Signs and Symptoms of traumatic asphyxia

A

petechia | distended neck veins | cyanosis of face/neck | scleral hemorrhage

63
Q

Sign and Symptoms of Basilar Skull fx

A

raccoon eyes and Battle’s signs | obvious deformity

64
Q

What do you use to dress scalp lacerations?

A

4x4 dressings and direct pressure

65
Q

What is a linear skull fx?

A

linear fracture on skull

66
Q

What is a compressed skull fx

A

indentation of the skull due to blunt force trauma = can damage brain tissues

67
Q

How to treat an open skull fracture?

A

Apply dressing and wrap bandage over head

68
Q

What does a basilar skull fracture indicate?

A

significant force | domestic abuse or prolonged physical abuse to the area

69
Q

What is intracranial pressure?

A

increase in CSF/blood or swelling within the brain

70
Q

What can cause ICP?

A

hypoxia

71
Q

What is a concussion?

A

temporary loss of brain function due to a short amount of hypoxia

72
Q

What is intracerebral bleeding?

A

bleeding within the brain tissue

73
Q

What is epidural bleeding?

A

bleeding outside of the dura mater

74
Q

Significant sign/symptom of an epidural bleed

A

Lucid interval = patient seems to have quickly recovered and then goes back to signs of severe ICP

75
Q

What is subdural bleed?

A

under the dura mater

76
Q

Signs and Symptoms of ICP

A

fixed and dilated pupils | unequal pupils | decreasing LOC | posturing | Cushing’s Triad

77
Q

What is Cushing’s triad?

A

hypertension | bradycardia | Cheyne Stokes breathing

78
Q

What is posturing?

A

flexion/extension movements

79
Q

What is the Glasgow coma scale?

A

designed to assess head injuries

80
Q

What is the 3 categories of the GCS scale and what is the lowest number a patient (even dead patients) can get?

A

eye response | verbal response | motor response | lowest = 3

81
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a Spinal Cord Injury

A

incontinence | priapism | paralysis | paraplegia/quadriplegia

82
Q

How would you treat spinal injuries?

A

KED or backboard

83
Q

What are the indications for using a KED?

A

stable patients

84
Q

How would you use a backboard on a kid?

A

pad underneath shoulders

85
Q

Signs and Symptoms of COMPENSATED shock?

A

poor skin signs | increased HR and RR | normal BP and LOC

86
Q

What are the 4 categories of shock?

A

Distributive | Obstructive | hypovolemic | cardiogenic

87
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

low BP = affects distribution of blood

88
Q

What is obstructive shock?

A

prevents or limits the blood to flow

89
Q

What are the 4 types of distributive shock?

A

neurogenic | anaphylaxis | sepsis | psychogenic

90
Q

Cause of cardiogenic shock?

A

CHF (pump problem)

91
Q

Which burn can cause hypovolemic shock?

A

3rd degree = unable to transport blood

ucla emt (10 decks)

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