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UCLA EMT > Cardiovascular Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

RA > RV > Lungs > LA > LV

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2
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

thickening/hardening of vessel wall

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3
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

buildup of plaque inside of the vessels

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4
Q

What is plaque?

A

adipose tissue depositis

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5
Q

What are 2 cardiac diseases that can contribute to atherosclerosis?

A

HTN and hypercholesterolemia

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6
Q

What can a complete obstruction of the coronary artery lead to?

A

myocardial infarction

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7
Q

How many coronary arteries are there?

A

4

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8
Q

In what part of the contraction cycle do the coronary arteries fill up with blood?

A

diastole

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9
Q

What 3 bad habits/lifestyles can contribute to acute coronary syndromes?

A

smoking | obesity | alcohol abuse

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10
Q

What is cardiac compromise?

A

lack of O2 in the heart = makes the heart adapt and work harder to compromise for hypoxia

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11
Q

How do we treat for cardiac compromise? Why?

A

O2 | NEED to decrease O2 demand of the heart = decrease the workload

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of definitive care for cardiac compromise situations?

A

Cardiac Cath Lab | Clot-busting medications | Angioplasty/CABG

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13
Q

What are the 6 types of chest pain complaints in terms of location and type?

A

substernal/midsternal | one that radiates to neck, jaw, and L arm | heartburn/indigestion | apressure, squeezing and tightness

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14
Q

How do you differentiate GI-origin vs cardiac-origin heartburn/indigestion?

A

GI-originated indigestion is relieved with antacids | cardiac-origin indigestion is progressively worsened and not relived by antacids

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15
Q

How does hypoxia present itself in the patient?

A

will have pain

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16
Q

What are the 6 patient rights?

A

right patient | right drug | right dosage | right route | right time | documentation

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17
Q

How does nitroglycerine work?

A

vasodilates

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18
Q

What is the indication for nitroglycerine?

A

cardiac-related/origin chest pain

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19
Q

What are the 3 contraindications for nitroglycerine?

A

hypotension (low BP) | recently taken enhanced drugs | MOI related CP

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20
Q

What is the route for nitroglycerine?

A

sublingual

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21
Q

What must you always do before and after administering nitroglycerine?

A

check BP

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22
Q

What are the 3 side effects for nitroglycerine?

A

drops BP = light headed | dizziness | weak

23
Q

What position must you place the patient who recently had nitoglycerine?

A

supine

24
Q

Why do you want to vasodilate the blood vessels for someone who has an MI or CAD?

A

to supply more blood to the heart = decreasing workload

25
Q

What is the indication for administering aspirin?

A

for cardiac-origin chest pain

26
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

anti-clotting formation

27
Q

What are the 2 contraindications for aspirin?

A

allergies | recent surgeries | recent GI bleeds

28
Q

What is the route for aspirin?

A

oral

29
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

temporary inadequate supply of O@ to heart muscle

30
Q

What usually triggers angina pectoris?

A

exertion

31
Q

What PMHx will a person suffering from angina pectoris have?

A

CAD - atherosclerosis

32
Q

How is an angina pectoris usually relieved by?

A

rest

33
Q

What is an unstable angina?

A

angina pectoris does not resolve with rest/other methods

34
Q

What is happening to the heart muscle during an unstable angina?

A

heart is becoming ischemic (lack of O2)

35
Q

What may an unstable angina lead to?

A

MI

36
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction?

A

death of cardiac muscle tissue due to ischemia of the heart due to sudden complete blockage of coronary arteries

37
Q

What are the 7 signs and symptoms of an MI/angina?

A

chest pain | jaw pain | epigastric pain/indigestion | poor skin signs | dyspnea | irregular pulses | progressively hypotensive

38
Q

What occurs right after MI if symptoms worsen?

A

cardiogenic shock

39
Q

What occurs after cardiogenic shock?

A

cardiac arrest

40
Q

What is a significant sign of cardiogenic shock?

A

progressive hypotension (80/40)

41
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

heart is unable to pump as efficiently as it used to = drop in perfusion

42
Q

What are the 4 treatments we can do for an MI/angina pectoris?

A

give O2 | nitro | aspirin | treat for shock as needed

43
Q

What is an Acute Aortic Aneurysm?

A

ballooning of aortic vessel somewhere within the vessel walls of aorta

44
Q

What causes the ballooning effect seen in AAA?

A

blood is released into the layers of the aortic vessel

45
Q

What are the 2 common causes of AAA?

A

blunt force trauma and CAD

46
Q

What is the biggest concern with a patient who has a AAA? Why?

A

rupture of the aneurysm = death in seconds

47
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of a AAA?

A

unequal pulses | unequal BP | pulsating abdominal mass | tearing/shearing chest pain | hypo-perfusion (shock)

48
Q

What would be considered hypertensive? (Range)

A

120/80 - 140/90

49
Q

What is considered a hypertensive emergency?

A

Systolic BP > 160 mmHg | or rapid increase

50
Q

What are the 9 signs of hypertensive emergency?

A

tinnitus | epistaxis | photophobia | altered mental status (AMS) | strong bounding pulse | N/V | dizziness | peripheral pulmonary edema | flushed/red skin

51
Q

What is the treatment for hypertensive emergencies?

A

supportive care

52
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of CHF?

A

pulmonary edema | crackles | dyspnea | lower extremity edema | pink frothy sputum

53
Q

What is CHF?

A

decreased cardiac function = unable to pump blood effectively = backup of blood

UCLA EMT (10 decks)

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