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UCLA EMT > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What stimulates us to breathe and why?

A

CO2 = byproduct of perfusion and creates acid = body needs to get rid of the acid

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2
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the upper airway?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx

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3
Q

How does air get inhaled in the nasopharynx?

A

passes through the nasal turbinates

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4
Q

What is the function of the nasal turbinates?

A

helps create airflow and moves air down air passages

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5
Q

What are the 5 structures of the oropharynx?

A

hard pallet, soft pallet, tongue, tonsils and uvula

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6
Q

What is the function of the soft pallet?

A

close nasal passages when you swallow

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7
Q

What is the function of the hard pallet?

A

structure and rigidity

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8
Q

What is the purpose of tonsils?

A

lymph nodes of the oropharynx

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9
Q

What part of the airway is the vallecula part of? Why is the vallecula important?

A

upper airway | landmark for intubation

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10
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

separate food and air, make sure food doesn’t go down airway tract

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts located at the superior portion of the trachea?

A

vocal cords and glottic opening

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12
Q

What structure separates the upper and lower airways?

A

glottic opening

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the upper airway?

A

filter, warm and humidify air

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14
Q

Why is it important to humidify air?

A

adds more moisture content making it easier to breathe in = don’t want our structures to dry out

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15
Q

What is the main vessel that takes air from the upper airway to the lower airway?

A

trachea

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16
Q

How many C-shaped rings does the trachea have?

A

9

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17
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

located in trachea | only ring that is NOT C-shaped

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the C-shape rings of the trachea?

A

to give it flexibility

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19
Q

What is the bone in the larynx that aids with stricture and stability?

A

hyoid bone

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20
Q

What is the biggest structure in the larynx that gives the larynx its structure?

A

thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

What is a carina?

A

the end portion of the trachea

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22
Q

What does the carina lead to?

A

branches off into the Left and Right main-stem bronchus

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23
Q

Is the trachea part of the upper or lower airway?

A

lower

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24
Q

What does the mainstem bronchus branch into?

A

bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

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25
Q

Where are the alveoli located?

A

at the capillary beds on the ends of the bronchioles

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26
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air-filled sacs where gas exchange takes place

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27
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory system?

A

alveoli

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28
Q

What is surfactant?

A

the lubrication of the airway system

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29
Q

Why do our airway structures need to be moist?

A

prevent from drying up , give elasticity

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30
Q

How do you know when your epiglottis is working?

A

intact gag reflex

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31
Q

What are the 4 protective structures of the airway?

A

epiglottis, rib cage, cilia and mucous membranes

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32
Q

What structures does the rib cage proctect?

A

heart and lungs

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33
Q

What is the function of cilia in airway movement?

A

filters and moves air throughout body

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34
Q

What are the 2 mucous membranes of the lower airway?

A

visceral pleura and parietal pleura

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35
Q

What does the visceral pleura line/encase?

A

lungs

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36
Q

What does the parietal pleura line/encase?

A

chest cavity

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37
Q

What is the function of the 2 mucous membranes?

A

prevent friction during inhalation/exhalation

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38
Q

What is the process of respiration in the alveolar/capillary beds? (cellular level)

A

O2 diffuses through semi-permeable membrane > capillary vessel = attaches to Hb | CO2 detaches out from Hb > diffuses through semi-permeable membrane into the alveolar air sac

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39
Q

What is the process of inspiration?

A

draw air from environment down into our negative pressure environment&raquo_space;> bronchus mainstems = lungs and chest wall expands

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40
Q

What does the intercostal muscles do during inspiration?

A

contract up and out = make more room

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41
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspriation?

A

relaxes downward = make room for air

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42
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do during expiration?

A

relaxes down and in = decrease lung volume

43
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

contracts upward = forces air upward and out the air passages

44
Q

What are the 2 main muscles used in normal ventilation?

A

diaphragm and intercostals

45
Q

What are the 4 accessory muscles for breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid | pectorals | trapezius | extra abdominal use

46
Q

When using accessory muscles to breathe, what do you see the sternocleidomastoid muscles do?

A

(neck muscles) constricts in

47
Q

When using accessory muscles to breathe, what do you see the pectoral muscles do?

A

retractions through chest wall

48
Q

When using accessory muscles to breathe, what do you see the trapezius muscles do?

A

indentations present

49
Q

Define ventilation

A

mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs and environment

50
Q

Define respiration

A

cellular gas exchange of oxygenation

51
Q

Define tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled in 1 breath

52
Q

Define minute volume

A

amount of air inhaled in 1 minute

53
Q

What is the equation for minute volume?

A

tidal volume x RR

54
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

fast breathing

55
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

slow breathing

56
Q

Define dead space.

A

inhaled air that does not participate in gas exchange and perfusion | present in airway passages

57
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

max amount of air you can exhale

58
Q

What is residual volume?

A

air remaining AFTER expiration/exhaling

59
Q

What does the residual volume help with?

A

keeping the airways open and patent

60
Q

What is the tidal volume of an average adult?

A

500 mL (cc)

61
Q

What compound do we mostly breathe?

A

nitrogen

62
Q

How much O2 is inhaled and how much of it is exhaled?

A

inhale 21% | exhale 16%

63
Q

What explains the low O2 output in exhalation?

A

part of the inhaled O2 is used for perfusion of the tissues in body

64
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata part of in the nervous system and what does that mean?

A

autonomic nervous system = don’t need to think about doing a function

65
Q

What structure in the nervous system controls and regulates our breathing?

A

medulla oblongata

66
Q

What monitors the O2 and CO2 levels in the body?

A

medulla oblongata

67
Q

What type of receptors measure the levels of CO2 and O2 in the body? Where are they located?

A

chemoreceptors in the brain (CSF), aorta, and carotids

68
Q

What nerve carries the signal to and from the medulla oblongata?

A

phrenic nerve

69
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

brainstem

70
Q

Along what part of the spine is the brainstem located?

A

C-spine

71
Q

What initiates ventilation cycles?

A

brainstem –> medulla oblongata

72
Q

What is the average RR for adults?

A

12-20 breaths/minute

73
Q

How do you know if the breathing rhythm is normal?

A

consistent chest rise and fall

74
Q

What do you look for to asses the quality of respirations?

A

depth of chest rise/fall

75
Q

What is an abnormal quality of respirations?

A

shallow or very deep chest rise/fall

76
Q

What are the 3 types of lung sounds?

A

wheezing | crackles/rales | rhonchi

77
Q

What are the 4 parts of the respiratory assessment?

A

RR, rhythm, quality, and lung sounds

78
Q

What is a sign of wheezing?

A

prolonged expiratory phase and a distinct wheeze sound during expiration

79
Q

What causes wheezing?

A

constriction of bronchioles/bronchi due to inflammation = narrowing of the bronchioles/bronchi = pushing air through narrow tubes makes wheeze sound

80
Q

What is a sign of crackles/rales?

A

crackling/popping sound

81
Q

What is the cause of crackles/rales?

A

fluid in the lungs

82
Q

What condition does crackles/rales indicate?

A

CHF

83
Q

What causes rhonchi?

A

dried out mucus due to a recent fever = high body temp dried out the mucus in lower airways

84
Q

What is a possible sign of rhonchi?

A

productive coughing

85
Q

What disease does rhonchi indicate?

A

pneumonia

86
Q

What is considered normal respiration patterns?

A

mountainous and even waves, rate is consistent, adequate tidal volume

87
Q

What may a Cheyne Stokes respiration pattern indicate?

A

severe head trauma | swelling in brain pushes down on brainstem/medulla = affects signals to breathe

88
Q

How does Cheyne Stokes respirations sound like?

A

intermittent hyperventilation

89
Q

How does Kussmaul’s respirations sound like?

A

huge huffing sounds

90
Q

What does Kussmaul’s respirations indicate?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

91
Q

What RR is indicative of patient losing ability to manage their own airway?

A

< 8/min or > 30/min

92
Q

How do you assess for tidal volume?

A

adequate chest rise/fall

93
Q

What muscle use indicates inadequate breathing?

A

accessory

94
Q

What skin signs indicate inadequate breathing

A

cyanosis, cool, clammy

95
Q

What facial signs that indicate inadequate breathing?

A

nasal flaring and cyanosis on mouth

96
Q

What are the 8 signs of Respiratory Distress?

A

dyspnea | Increased HR/RR | retractions | tripoding/upright position | 2-3 word-dyspnea | noisy breathing/lung sounds | restlessness | normal mental status

97
Q

What are the 4 signs of Respiratory Failure?

A

shallow depth of respirations | cyanotic | HR/RR decreases | altered mental status

98
Q

What is the treatment for respiratory Distress and why?

A

O2 via NRB or nasal cannula | patient is able to breathe for themselves

99
Q

What is the treatment for respiratory Failure?

A

O2 via BVM = breathe for them

100
Q

What type of breathing is indicative of respiratory distress in kids?

A

seesaw breathing

101
Q

Define seesaw breathing.

A

chest and abdomen move opposite directions (up and down)

102
Q

Why is seesaw breathing specific to kids?

A

kids are belly-breathers

103
Q

Why are kids belly breathers?

A

chest walls and intercostals are not completely developed = rely on diaphragm

104
Q

How is the structure of the trachea and upper airway in kids?

A

very flexible and not rigid = can break easily

UCLA EMT (10 decks)

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