Exam 3: Cardiology Exam Flashcards
What are the 4 Chambers of the heart?
RA, RV, LA, LV
What is the average blood volume for an adult?
4-6 L
What is perfusion?
flow of O2 throughout the body
Where are the semilunar valves located?
pulmonary artery and aorta
Where are the atrioventricular (AV) valves located?
between the lower and upper chambers of the L and R
What is the AV valve between the RA and RV called?
tricuspid valve
What is the AV valve between the LA and LV called?
mitral valve (bicuspid)
What are the 2 blood vessels that carry blood from heart to lungs and back?
pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
Which pulmonary vessel carries blood from heart to lungs? Is it O2 or deO2?
pulmonary artery = deO2 blood
Which pulmonary vessel carries blood from lungs to heart? Is it O2 or deO2?
pulmonary vein = O2 blood
Which chambers take blood in the heart?
atria
Which chambers pump blood out of heart?
ventricles
What are the layers of heart tissue?
epicardium (protects from trauma/friction) | myocardium (muscle) | endocardium (inner lining)
What is stroke volume?
amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac cycle
What is cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
What is peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)?
resistance to blood flow due to the peripheral blood vessels
What is the equation for blood pressure (BP)?
CO x PVR
What is ischemia?
inadequate supply of blood to an organ
What is infarction?
cease of blood supply = leads to tissue death
What are the 3 electrical nodes of the heart?
sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje fibers
What is the firing rate of SA node?
60-100 bpm
What is the firing rate of AV node?
40-60 bpm
What is the firing rate of Purkinje fibers?
20-40 bpm
If one of the electrical nodes fail, what happens to the electrical conductivity of the heart?
each node is able to elicit an electrical conduction, but heart will not work as efficiently
What is systole?
contraction of ventricles to PUMP blood out of heart
What is diastole?
relaxation of heart to FILL atria with blood
During your ABCs, what is the purpose of checking the Airway?
look for obstruction
During your ABCs, what is the purpose of checking the Breating?
look for respiratory failure (arrest)
During your ABCs, what is the purpose of checking the Circulation?
look for cardiac arrest OR severe bleeding
At what time interval is brain damage possible to occur before CPR is began?
4-6 min
What happens to the brain if it does not get blood flow for more than 10 minutes?
irreversible brain damage
What are the 2 components to CPR?
ventilation and chest compressions
What are the 2 cardiac rhythms in which an AED will shock?
ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia
What is ventricular fibrillation?
deadly dysrhythmia originating from many sites in the ventricles = leads to ineffective contraction of ventricular muscle | no pulse no CO
What is ventricular tachycardia?
rapid heart rhythm caused by ventricles = inadequate CO, low BP, and low perfusion
What is asystole?
flatline, no electrical impulses
What are the 2 cardiac rhythms the AED will not notice?
PEA and asystole
What is PEA?
pulseless electrical activity
What are the 3 indications for AED use?
adults, infants and kids who are UNRESPONSIVE and PULSELESS
Which individuals will AED pads be placed front and back?
kids under puberty, infants, and pregnant women
What are the 4 requirements for chest compressions?
middle of chest, lower half of sternum | allow for recoil | depression of 2 in. | rate of 100-120 compressions/min
What is the ratio for CPR/ventilations? (adult)
30:2
What is the common cause for cardiac arrest in children?
respiratory failure
What is an indication to do CPR on infants and kids?
HR less than 60 or skin signs
What is the ratio and depth of CPR for kids and babies?
15:2 (2 rescuers, 30:2, 1 rescuer) and 1/3 of chest
How often should you give 1 breath to an adult?
5-6 seconds
How often should you give 1 breath to a kid or baby?
3-5 seconds
How often should you give 1 breath on an advanced airway?
6 seconds
How often should you check the pulse in rescue breathing/CPR?
2 minutes
What s angina pectoris?
temporary inadequate O2 supply to heart
What is acute coronary syndrome?
group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia causing angina pectoris and MI
Signs and Sxs of Angina Pectoris.
CP = “crushing/squeezing” weight on chest, middle of chest | SOB, nausea, diaphoresis | radiate to L arm, back and jaw | relieved easily
What is unstable angina?
an angina that is unable to be relieved like usual = can lead to acute MI
Signs and Sxs of AMI.
plae, cool diaphroetic | SOB/nausea/weakness | radiates | CP = crushing/squeezing | irregular pulse | hypotension/hypertension
Tx for MI/Angina?
O2, meds
Signs and Sxs of AAA
unequal radial/femoral pulses | unequal BP | pulsating abdominal mass | Shock
What is a hypertensive emergency?
Systolic BP > 160 OR rapid increase in BP
Signs and Sxs of HTN Crisis
strong, bounding pulse | tinnitus | NV | dizzy | epistaxis | AMS | acute pulmonary edema
Signs and Sxs of Cardiogenic shock.
anxiety/restlessness | cool/pale/diaphoretic | low BP | tachy | SOB
Signs and Sxs of cardiac tamponade.
rapid breathing/SOB | CP | anxiety/restlessness
Signs and Sxs of L-sided heart failure.
SOB or backup of fluid in the lungs
Signs and Sxs of R-sided heart failure.
lower extremity edema
What are the indications to administer aspirin?
CP of cardiac origin
What are the contraindications for administering aspirin?
hypersensitivity | recent abdominal bleeding
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
anti-platelet formation
What are the side effects of aspirin?
NV | stomach pain/bleeding
What are the indications to administer Nitro?
CP of cardiac origin
What are the contraindications for administering Nitro?
systolic BP < 100 | took phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Viagra/Cialis)
What is the mechanism of action of Nitro?
vasodilation = reduce myocardial O2 demand
What are the side effects of Nitro?
HA | HTN | nausea
