Transport Flashcards
Describe how the structure of a fish heart differs from that of a human heart
1) The fish has 2 chambers whereas the human has 4
2) The fish heart has fewer valves than the human heart
3) The fish heart has no septum whereas the human heart does
Explain the difference in concentration of gases
1) Blood leaving the fish heart has more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than blood leaving the human heart
2) This is because the fish body cells have used it up for respiration
3) And the carbon dioxide has been produced as a result
4) The blood leaving the human heart has already been to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is absorbed
Why is the pressure of the blood returning to the fish heart lower than the pressure of the blood returning to the human heart?
1) Fish have single circulation/no separate circulation
2) Therefore, the blood in a fish has to pass through 2 sets of capillaries
3) Fish have a smaller heart
3 differences between veins and arteries
1) Veins have much less muscle than arteries
2) Veins have a wide lumen whereas arteries have a narrow lumen
3) Arteries have no valves
Name 2 substances that are transported in the xylem
Water and ions/salts
How does blood change when it is in the lungs?
1) Loses carbon dioxide
2) Gains oxygen
What is the purpose of the tricuspid valve?
Prevents backflow of blood
How does having more red blood cells benefit athletes in long distance races? (altitude)
1) Training at a high altitude will increases the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
2) This means more oxygen can be transported and absorbed to the muscles
3) Therefore, they can respire aerobically more
4) Releasing more energy
5) There will also be less anaerobic respiration taking place which prevents the build up of lactic acid in the muscles
6) This means the athlete can run further without getting tired
Role of Stomata in transport in plants
1) Allows transpiration of water
2) Roots therefore absorb more water to account for this change
Role of Stomata in gas exchange in plants
1) Guard cells control the entry/exit of carbon dioxide
2) This happens via diffusion
3) Used for photosynthesis
Explain the effect that moving air has on transpiration rate
1) Carries water molecules away from the plant quicker
2) This increases the concentration gradient (of water molecules)
3) Meaning diffusion happens more quickly
Why does heart rate increase right before exercise
1) Adrenaline is produced in anticipation of exercise
2) This causes the heart to beat faster
How has a low heart rate developed in cyclists and long-distance runners?
1) The exercise frequently
2) So have more muscular hearts
3) Meaning they can pump more blood with each beat
4) Needs to pump less to deliver the same amount of oxygen
Difference in the structure of left ventricle vs. the right ventricle
1) The left ventricle wall consists of thicker muscle than the right ventricle
2) This is because it has to create greater pressure in the blood being pumped out of it
3) As it is pumping the blood around the body
How does having a hole between the right and left ventricle effect a baby
1) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
2) This causes the efficiency of aerobic respiration to decrease
3) The baby produces less energy and its growth may therefore be stunted
How to measure heart rate
Put her thumb on top of the veins in her neck/wrist and count the number of pulses in a minute
Why do scientists obtain blood samples from a vein rather than an artery?
1) Veins have a thinner wall so are easier to puncture
2) Veins are closer to the skin so can easily be reached with a syringe
Why can scientists not obtain blood samples from capillaries?
They are much too small
Why does blood clot in a stationary leg?
1) Lack of muscle contractions
2) Mean the vein is not squeezed
Name the apparatus Steven used
Potometer
How should Steven set up the apparatus and use it to estimate transpiration rate in the plant?
1) Cut the shoot underwater
2) Take the capillary tube out of the water until an air bubble forms
3) Ensure the seal is airtight
4) Blot down the plant with a cloth to remove all water
5) Measure distance bubble moves in a specified amount of time
6) Repeat 5x and calculate an average
How does the rate of transpiration change when light intensity is reduced?
1) Stomata close so no water can escape
2) Rate of transpiration decreases
Which blood vessel is best suited for gas exchange?
Capillary-because it has a very thin wall. This provides a short diffusion distance for gases
How can coronary heart disease cause death?
1) Narrowing of coronary arteries
2) Less blood is supplied to them
3) They have less oxygen
4) Reduced rate of aerobic respiration
5) Increases the risk of Agina and heart attacks
6) Which cause death
Name 2 blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery and aorta
Define intraventricular
Inside ventricle
Why does reducing oxygen kill cells?
1) Less oxygen means less aerobic respiration
2) So less energy
3) Cells respire anaerobically more
4) Producing lactic acid
5) This will lower the pH of the cells
6) Causing enzymes to denature
How is the structure of a capillary adapted to help improve heart function?
1) One cell thick
2) Air gaps for permeability
Lock and key hypotheses key term
Enzyme substrate complexes
What blood vessel transports hormones to the liver?
Hepatic artery
Hormone which causes heart rate to increase
Adrenaline
Explain why dogs that have had their pancreas removed produced urine that contained glucose
1) No insulin was produced
2) Thus, blood glucose levels rose
3) It was therefore not converted to glycogen
Why can rabbits that had their pancreatic duct tied can still regulate their blood glucose levels
The pancreas can still produce insulin
Name the blood vessel that transports hormones to the liver
Hepatic artery
One advantage of storing glycogen in cells rather than glucose
It is insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential
Hormone which causes heart rate to increase
Adrenaline
