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Immunology/Haematology > Transplantation > Flashcards

Transplantation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autograft?

A

Transplant from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

What is an isograft?

A

Transplant between genetically identical individuals

Monozygotic twins

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3
Q

What is an allograft?

A

Transplant between different members of the same species

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4
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

Transplant between members of different species

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5
Q

What are some criteria for transplantation?

A

Good evidence that the damage is irreversible
Alternative treatments not applicable
Disease must not recur

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6
Q

How are the chances of rejection minimised?

A

Donor and recipient must be ABO compatible
Donor most not have anti-donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies
Donor be closest HLA match to recipient as possible
Patient must take immunosuppressive treatment

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7
Q

What is the mechanism involved in hyperacute rejection?

A

Preformed antibodies bind to either ABO blood group or or HLA class I antigens on graft
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Graft destroyed by avascular thrombosis

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8
Q

What is the time frame for hyperacute rejection?

A

Within hours of transplantation

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9
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is involved in acute rejection?

A

Type IV

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10
Q

What is the frame of time for acute rejection?

A

Within a few days or weeks of transplantation

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for acute rejection?

A

Donor dendritic cells stimulate an allogeneic response in local lymph nodes
T cells proliferate and migrate into donor kidney

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12
Q

What is the time frame for chronic rejection?

A

Months or years after transplant

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13
Q

What kind of cells are hematopoietic stem cells used to restore?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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14
Q

What are the 3 main sources of stem cells?

A

Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Cord blood

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15
Q

What is GVHD?

A

Graft Versus Host Disease
Donor T cells respond to allogeneic recipient cells
Involvement of skin, gut, liver and lungs

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16
Q

How do corticosteroids act as immunosuppressants?

A

Acting on antigen presenting cells to prevent early stages of graft rejection

17
Q

Where do cyclosporine and tacrolimus work as immunosuppressants?

A

Proteins in the intracellular T-cell signalling cascade

18
Q

What is a drug used for IL-2 blockade in immunosuppression?

A

Rapamycin

19
Q

What are some antiproliferative drugs used in immunosuppression?

A

Azathioprine
Mycophenolate
Mofetil
They prevent lymphocyte proliferation

20
Q

What are some side effects of rapamycin?

A 
Raised lipid and cholesterol levels
Hypertension
Anaemia
Diarrhoea
Rash
Acne
Thrombocytopenia
Decreases in platelets and haemoglobin

Immunology/Haematology (14 decks)

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