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Immunology/Haematology > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Excessive immune response that cause damage

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2
Q

What can cause hypersensitivity?

A

Infectious agents
Environment
Self antigens

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3
Q

Are all infectious agents capable of triggering hypersensitivity?

A

No

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4
Q

Give an example of a virus which causes hypersensitivity.

A

Influenza

Can trigger major cytokine secretion

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5
Q

Give an example of an environmental substance which may trigger hypersensitivity.

A

Dust

May enter lower respiratory tract, trigger antibody response

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6
Q

Which Ig is associated with farmer’s lung?

A

IgG

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7
Q

What happens when environmental substances are small enough to diffuse through skin?

A

Can trigger delayed hypersensitivity response

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8
Q

What can Nickel do on contact?

A

Contact dermatitis

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9
Q

What is the onset of type I hypersensitivity like?

A

Rapid onset
IgE mediates adaptive immune response
Mast cell and eosinophils mediate innate immune response

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10
Q

What is the onset of type II hypersensitivity like?

A

Rapid onset
IgG mediates adaptive immune response
Complement and phagocytes mediate innate immune response

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11
Q

What is the onset of type III hypersensitivity like?

A

Slow onset (hours)
IgG mediates adaptive immune response
Complement and neutrophils mediate adaptive immune response

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12
Q

What is the onset of type IV hypersensitivity like?

A

Very slow onset (2-3 days)
T cell mediates adaptive immune response
Macrophages mediate innate immune response

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13
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is peanut and dust allergies?

A

Type I

Environmental triggers

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14
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is Farmer’s lung?

A

Type III

Environmental trigger

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15
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity are immune haemolytic anaemias?

A

Type II

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16
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is SLE?

A

Type III

Autoimmune issue

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17
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is Coeliac disease?

A

Type IV

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18
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis?

A

Type IV

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19
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity usually mediates allergy?

A

Type I

20
Q

Describe the process of Type I hypersenitivity.

A

Environmental factors
TH2 cells produce IL4 which induces production of IgE
Mast cell degranulation

21
Q

What does atopy mean?

A

Basically another word for allergy

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE

22
Q

Can atopy be inherited?

A

Yes
Atopy traits can be passed on
May not be same allergy as parents

23
Q

What is the allergen in penicillin allergy?

A

Beta-lactam

24
Q

What are some symptoms of systemic allergy?

A

Low BP
Angioedema
Airway obstruction

25
Q

What are some symptoms for allergy in the airways?

A 
Reversible bronchial obstruction
Discharge
Sneezing
Nasal obstruction
Allergic conjunctivitis
26
Q

What are some symptoms of allergic reactions on the skin?

A

Itchy oedema
Lip swelling
Itchy inflammation

27
Q

What does filaggrin do?

A

Maintain epithelial barriers, moisturising surfaces and controlling pH

28
Q

What is filaggrin?

A

Protein expressed by keratinocytes

29
Q

What do mast cells produce?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes through COX and lipo-oxygenase pathways

30
Q

Does allergy raise or lower BP?

A

Lower

Often severe drop

31
Q

Is there mucus secretion in asthma?

A

Yes

Contributes to airflow obstruction

32
Q

How do we test for allergies?

A

Skin-prick

Positive control could be histamine and negative control could be saline

33
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A 
Mast cells and leukotrienes produced
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Fluid shifts to extra-vascular space
Fall in vascular tone
Drop in BP
Mast cells release histamines
34
Q

What is Rhesus?

A

IgG develops during pregnancy and crosses placenta

Causes haemolytic disease

35
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

36
Q

Which gene is associated with Graves disease?

A

HLA allele DR3

37
Q

How are large complexes cleared?

A

Broken down by complement

38
Q

What is a possible cause of slow complex formation in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Hep B

39
Q

What is a possible cause of rapid complex formation in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Strep infection

40
Q

Describe immune complex disease in the kidney.

A

Common cause of renal failure

Glomerulonephritis including nephrotic syndrome and nephritis

41
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Protein leaks into urine
Gradual development
Renal failure

42
Q

How does nephritis present?

A

Rapid onset renal failure
Blood and protein in urine
Hypertension

43
Q

What role does Tissue Necrosis Factor play in hypersensitivity?

A

Secreted by macrophages and T cells and causes much of the tissue damage in delayed hypersensitivity

44
Q

How does hypersensitivity affect RA?

A

TH1 and TH17 infiltrate synovium

TNF and IL-17 attract neutrophils which damage synovium

45
Q

How do inflammatory cells affect MS?

A

TH1 and TH17 cells and macrophages develop in the affected nervous tissue
The inflammatory lesions cause the reversible, relapsing disability typical of early MS

Immunology/Haematology (14 decks)

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