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Immunology/Haematology > Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What divides blood groups?

A

Red cell antigens are expressed on cell surfaces and can provoke antibodies

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2
Q

What does ABO gene encode?

A

Glycosyltransferase

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3
Q

What do A and B genes code for?

A

Transferase enzymes

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4
Q

What is the A antigen?

A

N-acetyl-galactosamine

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5
Q

What is the B antigen?

A

Galactose

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6
Q

Are A, B and O genes dominant or recessive?

A

A and B are codominant and O is recessive

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7
Q

What are A group antibodies against?

A

B

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8
Q

What are B group antibodies against?

A

A

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9
Q

What are O group antibodies against?

A

A and B

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10
Q

What are AB group antibodies against?

A

AB group has no antibodies against A or B

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11
Q

Which type is the universal donor?

A

O

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12
Q

Which type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

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13
Q

What does RhD encode?

A

Protein antigen which crosses membrane and forms pore for unidentified molecule

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14
Q

Is RhD gene immunogenic?

A

Yes

If you are an RhD positive and are exposed to these epitopes then you are very likely to develop antibodies

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15
Q

How might an RhD negative individual be exposed to RhD+ cells?

A

Transfusion

Pregnancy and foetus expresses these cells

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16
Q

What are the consequences of an RhD- individual being exposed to RhD+ cells?

A

Anti-D may be produced

Can cause transfusion reactions or haemolytic disease in the newborn

17
Q

Why is there a diversion pouch for blood donations?

A

First bit of blood is syphoned off as this is where most of the bacteria would be

18
Q

Why may red cell transfusion be used?

A

Sever acute anaemia
Improve quality of life in incorrectable anaemia
Prepare a patient for surgery or speed up recovery
To reverse damage from own cells e.g. sickle cell disease

19
Q

At what temperature are red blood cells stored?

A

4*C

20
Q

At what temperature are platelets stored at?

A

-22*C

21
Q

What are the uses of platelets?

A

Massive haemorrhage
Bone marrow failure
Prophylaxis for surgery
Cardiopulmonary bypass

22
Q

What is the most common cause of ABO reactions and how is this prevented?

A

Vials mislabelled

2 different samples brought in

23
Q

What is the Coombs test (DAGT) used for?

A

Detecting antibodies on surface of red blood cells

24
Q

Can mums develop antibodies against foetal foreign antigens?

A

Yes

Important for tolerating RhD+ babies (can inherit from dad)

25
Q

What are some possible complications of haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

May die in utero
Profound haemolysis
Placenta can no longer detoxify the blood
Very high bilirubin levels and brain damage

26
Q

What is anti-D prophylaxis for pregnancy?

A

At about 28 weeks, RhD-negative mothers are given anti-D to mop up red cells from neonate before mother can develop antibodies

Immunology/Haematology (14 decks)

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