Transient Ischemic Attack Flashcards
What is the typical history associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Sudden onset of focal neurological deficits lasting less than 24 hours. Symptoms resolve completely. History of hypertension, diabetes, smoking.
What are the key physical examination findings in transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Transient hemiparesis or hemiplegia. Transient aphasia, dysarthria. Transient visual field deficits. Normal neurological exam after resolution.
What investigations are necessary for diagnosing transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
CT scan to rule out hemorrhage. MRI to identify ischemic areas. Carotid ultrasound, echocardiogram, and blood tests to identify risk factors.
What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Lifestyle modifications: smoking cessation, healthy diet, regular exercise. Patient education on recognizing symptoms. Regular follow-up to monitor risk factors.
What are the pharmacological management options for transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin). Anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Statins for cholesterol management. Antihypertensive medications.
What are the red flags to look for in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients?
Recurrent TIAs. Severe headache with vomiting. Sudden change in level of consciousness. Symptoms not resolving within 24 hours.
When should a patient with transient ischemic attack (TIA) be referred to a specialist?
Referral to a neurologist for further evaluation. Consideration for carotid endarterectomy or stenting in patients with significant stenosis. Specialized stroke prevention services.
What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Transient reduction in blood flow to a part of the brain. Caused by embolism, thrombosis, or reduced perfusion. No permanent brain damage, but high risk of future stroke.
